Changelog

This is a record of all past Hypothesis releases and what went into them, in reverse chronological order. All previous releases should still be available on pip.

Hypothesis APIs come in three flavours:

• Public: Hypothesis releases since 1.0 are semantically versioned with respect to these parts of the API. These will not break except between major version bumps. All APIs mentioned in this documentation are public unless explicitly noted otherwise.
• Semi-public: These are APIs that are considered ready to use but are not wholly nailed down yet. They will not break in patch releases and will usually not break in minor releases, but when necessary minor releases may break semi-public APIs.
• Internal: These may break at any time and you really should not use them at all.

You should generally assume that an API is internal unless you have specific information to the contrary.

3.71.11 - 2018-09-24

This patch factors out some common code in the shrinker for iterating over pairs of data blocks. There should be no user-visible change.

3.71.10 - 2018-09-18

This patch allows from_type() to handle the empty tuple type, typing.Tuple[()].

3.71.9 - 2018-09-17

This patch updates some internal comments for mypy. There is no user-visible effect, even for Mypy users.

3.71.8 - 2018-09-17

This patch fixes a rare bug that would cause a particular shrinker pass to raise an IndexError, if a shrink improvement changed the underlying data in an unexpected way.

3.71.7 - 2018-09-17

This release fixes the broken cross-references in our docs, and adds a CI check so we don’t add new ones.

3.71.6 - 2018-09-16

This patch fixes two bugs (issue #944 and issue #1521), where messages about @seed did not check the current verbosity setting, and the wrong settings were active while executing explicit examples.

3.71.5 - 2018-09-15

This patch fixes a DeprecationWarning added in Python 3.8 (issue #1576).

Thanks to tirkarthi for this contribution!

3.71.4 - 2018-09-14

This is a no-op release, which implements automatic DOI minting and code archival of Hypothesis via Zenodo. Thanks to CERN and the EU Horizon 2020 programme for providing this service!

Check our CITATION file for details, or head right on over to doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1412597

3.71.3 - 2018-09-10

This release adds the test name to some deprecation warnings, for easier debugging.

Thanks to Sanyam Khurana for the patch!

3.71.2 - 2018-09-10

This release makes Hypothesis’s memory usage substantially smaller for tests with many examples, by bounding the number of past examples it keeps around.

You will not see much difference unless you are running tests with max_examples set to well over 1000, but if you do have such tests then you should see memory usage mostly plateau where previously it would have grown linearly with time.

3.71.1 - 2018-09-09

This patch adds internal comments to some tree traversals in the core engine. There is no user-visible change.

3.71.0 - 2018-09-08

This release deprecates the coverage-guided testing functionality, as it has proven brittle and does not really pull its weight.

We intend to replace it with something more useful in the future, but the feature in its current form does not seem to be worth the cost of using, and whatever replaces it will likely look very different.

3.70.4 - 2018-09-08

This patch changes the behaviour of reproduce_failure() so that blobs are only printed in quiet mode when the print_blob setting is set to ALWAYS.

Thanks to Cameron McGill for writing this patch at the PyCon Australia sprints!

3.70.3 - 2018-09-03

This patch removes some unnecessary code from the internals. There is no user-visible change.

3.70.2 - 2018-09-03

This patch fixes an internal bug where a corrupted argument to @reproduce_failure could raise the wrong type of error. Thanks again to Paweł T. Jochym, who maintains Hypothesis on conda-forge and consistently provides excellent bug reports including issue #1558.

3.70.1 - 2018-09-03

This patch updates hypothesis to report its version and settings when run with pytest. (issue #1223).

Thanks to Jack Massey for this feature.

3.70.0 - 2018-09-01

This release adds a fullmatch argument to from_regex(). When fullmatch=True, the whole example will match the regex pattern as for python:re.fullmatch().

Thanks to Jakub Nabaglo for writing this patch at the PyCon Australia sprints!

3.69.12 - 2018-08-30

This release reverts the changes to logging handling in 3.69.11, which broke test that use the pytest caplog fixture internally because all logging was disabled (issue #1546).

3.69.11 - 2018-08-29

This patch will hide all logging messages produced by test cases before the final, minimal, failing test case (issue #356).

Thanks to Gary Donovan for writing this patch at the PyCon Australia sprints!

3.69.10 - 2018-08-29

This patch fixes a bug that prevents coverage from reporting unexecuted Python files (issue #1085).

Thanks to Gary Donovan for writing this patch at the PyCon Australia sprints!

3.69.9 - 2018-08-28

This patch improves the packaging of the Python package by adding LICENSE.txt to the sdist (issue #1311), clarifying the minimum supported versions of pytz and dateutil (issue #1383), and adds keywords to the metadata (issue #1520).

Thanks to Graham Williamson for writing this patch at the PyCon Australia sprints!

3.69.8 - 2018-08-28

This is an internal change which replaces pickle with json to prevent possible security issues.

Thanks to Vidya Rani D G for writing this patch at the PyCon Australia sprints!

3.69.7 - 2018-08-28

This patch ensures that note() prints the note for every test case when the verbosity setting is Verbosity.verbose. At normal verbosity it only prints from the final test case.

Thanks to Tom McDermott for writing this patch at the PyCon Australia sprints!

3.69.6 - 2018-08-27

This patch improves the testing of some internal caching. It should have no user-visible effect.

3.69.5 - 2018-08-27

This change performs a small rename and refactoring in the core engine. There is no user-visible change.

3.69.4 - 2018-08-27

This change improves the core engine’s ability to avoid unnecessary work, by consulting its cache of previously-tried inputs in more cases.

3.69.3 - 2018-08-27

This patch handles passing an empty python:enum.Enum to from_type() by returning nothing(), instead of raising an internal python:AssertionError.

Thanks to Paul Amazona for writing this patch at the PyCon Australia sprints!

3.69.2 - 2018-08-23

This patch fixes a small mistake in an internal comment. There is no user-visible change.

3.69.1 - 2018-08-21

This change fixes a small bug in how the core engine consults its cache of previously-tried inputs. There is unlikely to be any user-visible change.

3.69.0 - 2018-08-20

This release improves argument validation for stateful testing.

• If the target or targets of a rule() are invalid, we now raise a useful validation error rather than an internal exception.
• Passing both the target and targets arguments is deprecated - append the target bundle to the targets tuple of bundles instead.
• Passing the name of a Bundle rather than the Bundle itself is also deprecated.

3.68.3 - 2018-08-20

This is a docs-only patch, fixing some typos and formatting issues.

3.68.2 - 2018-08-19

This change fixes a small bug in how the core engine caches the results of previously-tried inputs. The effect is unlikely to be noticeable, but it might avoid unnecesary work in some cases.

3.68.1 - 2018-08-18

This patch documents the from_dtype() function, which infers a strategy for numpy:numpy.dtypes. This is used in arrays(), but can also be used directly when creating e.g. Pandas objects.

3.68.0 - 2018-08-15

arrays() now checks that integer and float values drawn from elements and fill strategies can be safely cast to the dtype of the array, and emits a warning otherwise (issue #1385).

Elements in the resulting array could previously violate constraints on the elements strategy due to floating-point overflow or truncation of integers to fit smaller types.

3.67.1 - 2018-08-14

This release contains a tiny refactoring of the internals. There is no user-visible change.

3.67.0 - 2018-08-10

This release adds a width argument to floats(), to generate lower-precision floating point numbers for e.g. Numpy arrays.

The generated examples are always instances of Python’s native float type, which is 64bit, but passing width=32 will ensure that all values can be exactly represented as 32bit floats. This can be useful to avoid overflow (to +/- infinity), and for efficiency of generation and shrinking.

Half-precision floats (width=16) are also supported, but require Numpy if you are running Python 3.5 or earlier.

3.66.33 - 2018-08-10

This release fixes a bug in floats(), where setting allow_infinity=False and exactly one of min_value and max_value would allow infinite values to be generated.

3.66.32 - 2018-08-09

This release adds type hints to the example() and seed() decorators, and fixes the type hint on register_type_strategy(). The second argument to register_type_strategy() must either be a SearchStrategy, or a callable which takes a type and returns a SearchStrategy.

3.66.31 - 2018-08-08

Another set of changes designed to improve the performance of shrinking on large examples. In particular the shrinker should now spend considerably less time running useless shrinks.

3.66.30 - 2018-08-06

“Bug fixes and performance improvements”.

This release is a fairly major overhaul of the shrinker designed to improve its behaviour on large examples, especially around stateful testing. You should hopefully see shrinking become much faster, with little to no quality degradation (in some cases quality may even improve).

3.66.29 - 2018-08-05

This release fixes two very minor bugs in the core engine:

• it fixes a corner case that was missing in 3.66.28, which should cause shrinking to work slightly better.
• it fixes some logic for how shrinking interacts with the database that was causing Hypothesis to be insufficiently aggressive about clearing out old keys.

3.66.28 - 2018-08-05

This release improves how Hypothesis handles reducing the size of integers’ representation. This change should mostly be invisible as it’s purely about the underlying representation and not the generated value, but it may result in some improvements to shrink performance.

3.66.27 - 2018-08-05

This release changes the order in which Hypothesis chooses parts of the test case to shrink. For typical usage this should be a significant performance improvement on large examples. It is unlikely to have a major impact on example quality, but where it does change the result it should usually be an improvement.

3.66.26 - 2018-08-05

This release improves the debugging information that the shrinker emits about the operations it performs, giving better summary statistics about which passes resulted in test executions and whether they were successful.

3.66.25 - 2018-08-05

This release fixes several bugs that were introduced to the shrinker in 3.66.24 which would have caused it to behave significantly less well than advertised. With any luck you should actually see the promised benefits now.

3.66.24 - 2018-08-03

This release changes how Hypothesis deletes data when shrinking in order to better handle deletion of large numbers of contiguous sequences. Most tests should see little change, but this will hopefully provide a significant speed up for stateful testing.

3.66.23 - 2018-08-02

This release makes some internal changes to enable further improvements to the shrinker. You may see some changes in the final shrunk examples, but they are unlikely to be significant.

3.66.22 - 2018-08-01

This release adds some more internal caching to the shrinker. This should cause a significant speed up for shrinking, especially for stateful testing and large example sizes.

3.66.21 - 2018-08-01

This patch is for downstream packagers - our tests now pass under pytest 3.7.0 (released 2018-07-30). There are no changes to the source of Hypothesis itself.

3.66.20 - 2018-08-01

This release removes some functionality from the shrinker that was taking a considerable amount of time and does not appear to be useful any more due to a number of quality improvements in the shrinker.

You may see some degradation in shrink quality as a result of this, but mostly shrinking should just get much faster.

3.66.19 - 2018-08-01

This release slightly changes the format of some debugging information emitted during shrinking, and refactors some of the internal interfaces around that.

3.66.18 - 2018-07-31

This release is a very small internal refactoring which should have no user visible impact.

3.66.17 - 2018-07-31

This release fixes a bug that could cause an IndexError to be raised from inside Hypothesis during shrinking. It is likely that it was impossible to trigger this bug in practice - it was only made visible by some currently unreleased work.

3.66.16 - 2018-07-31

This release is a very small internal refactoring which should have no user visible impact.

3.66.15 - 2018-07-31

This release makes Hypothesis’s shrinking faster by removing some redundant work that it does when minimizing values in its internal representation.

3.66.14 - 2018-07-30

This release expands the deprecation of timeout from 3.16.0 to also emit the deprecation warning in find or stateful testing.

3.66.13 - 2018-07-30

This release adds an additional shrink pass that is able to reduce the size of examples in some cases where the transformation is non-obvious. In particular this will improve the quality of some examples which would have regressed in 3.66.12.

3.66.12 - 2018-07-28

This release changes how we group data together for shrinking. It should result in improved shrinker performance, especially in stateful testing.

3.66.11 - 2018-07-28

This patch modifies how which rule to run is selected during rule based stateful testing. This should result in a slight performance increase during generation and a significant performance and quality improvement when shrinking.

As a result of this change, some state machines which would previously have thrown an InvalidDefinition are no longer detected as invalid.

3.66.10 - 2018-07-28

This release weakens some minor functionality in the shrinker that had only modest benefit and made its behaviour much harder to reason about.

This is unlikely to have much user visible effect, but it is possible that in some cases shrinking may get slightly slower. It is primarily to make it easier to work on the shrinker and pave the way for future work.

3.66.9 - 2018-07-26

This release improves the information that Hypothesis emits about its shrinking when verbosity is set to debug.

3.66.8 - 2018-07-24

This patch includes some minor fixes in the documentation, and updates the minimum version of pytest to 3.0 (released August 2016).

3.66.7 - 2018-07-24

This release fixes a bug where difficult to shrink tests could sometimes trigger an internal assertion error inside the shrinker.

3.66.6 - 2018-07-23

This patch ensures that Hypothesis fully supports Python 3.7, by upgrading from_type() (issue #1264) and fixing some minor issues in our test suite (issue #1148).

3.66.5 - 2018-07-22

This patch fixes the online docs for various extras, by ensuring that their dependencies are installed on readthedocs.io (issue #1326).

3.66.4 - 2018-07-20

This release improves the shrinker’s ability to reorder examples.

For example, consider the following test:

import hypothesis.strategies as st
from hypothesis import given

@given(st.text(), st.text())
def test_non_equal(x, y):
    assert x != y

Previously this could have failed with either of x="", y="0" or x="0", y="". Now it should always fail with x="", y="0".

This will allow the shrinker to produce more consistent results, especially in cases where test cases contain some ordered collection whose actual order does not matter.

3.66.3 - 2018-07-20

This patch fixes inference in the builds() strategy with subtypes of python:typing.NamedTuple, where the __init__ method is not useful for introspection. We now use the field types instead - thanks to James Uther for identifying this bug.

3.66.2 - 2018-07-19

This release improves the shrinker’s ability to handle situations where there is an additive constraint between two values.

For example, consider the following test:

import hypothesis.strategies as st
from hypothesis import given

@given(st.integers(), st.integers())
def test_does_not_exceed_100(m, n):
    assert m + n < 100

Previously this could have failed with almost any pair (m, n) with 0 <= m <= n and m + n == 100. Now it should almost always fail with m=0, n=100.

This is a relatively niche specialisation, but can be useful in situations where e.g. a bug is triggered by an integer overflow.

3.66.1 - 2018-07-09

This patch fixes a rare bug where an incorrect percentage drawtime could be displayed for a test, when the system clock was changed during a test running under Python 2 (we use python:time.monotonic() where it is available to avoid such problems). It also fixes a possible zero-division error that can occur when the underlying C library double-rounds an intermediate value in python:math.fsum() and gets the least significant bit wrong.

3.66.0 - 2018-07-05

This release improves validation of the alphabet argument to the text() strategy. The following misuses are now deprecated, and will be an error in a future version:

• passing an unordered collection (such as set('abc')), which violates invariants about shrinking and reproducibility
• passing an alphabet sequence with elements that are not strings
• passing an alphabet sequence with elements that are not of length one, which violates any size constraints that may apply

Thanks to Sushobhit for adding these warnings (issue #1329).

3.65.3 - 2018-07-04

This release fixes a mostly theoretical bug where certain usage of the internal API could trigger an assertion error inside Hypothesis. It is unlikely that this problem is even possible to trigger through the public API.

3.65.2 - 2018-07-04

This release fixes dependency information for coverage. Previously Hypothesis would allow installing coverage with any version, but it only works with coverage 4.0 or later.

We now specify the correct metadata in our setup.py, so Hypothesis will only allow installation with compatible versions of coverage.

3.65.1 - 2018-07-03

This patch ensures that stateful tests which raise an error from a pytest helper still print the sequence of steps taken to reach that point (issue #1372). This reporting was previously broken because the helpers inherit directly from python:BaseException, and therefore require special handling to catch without breaking e.g. the use of ctrl-C to quit the test.

3.65.0 - 2018-06-30

This release deprecates the max_shrinks setting in favor of an internal heuristic. If you need to avoid shrinking examples, use the phases setting instead. (issue #1235)

3.64.2 - 2018-06-27

This release fixes a bug where an internal assertion error could sometimes be triggered while shrinking a failing test.

3.64.1 - 2018-06-27

This patch fixes type-checking errors in our vendored pretty-printer, which were ignored by our mypy config but visible for anyone else (whoops). Thanks to Pi Delport for reporting issue #1359 so promptly.

3.64.0 - 2018-06-26

This release adds an interface which can be used to insert a wrapper between the original test function and @given (issue #1257). This will be particularly useful for test runner extensions such as pytest-trio, but is not recommended for direct use by other users of Hypothesis.

3.63.0 - 2018-06-26

This release adds a new mechanism to infer strategies for classes defined using attrs, based on the the type, converter, or validator of each attribute. This inference is now built in to builds() and from_type().

On Python 2, from_type() no longer generates instances of int when passed long, or vice-versa.

3.62.0 - 2018-06-26

This release adds PEP 484 type hints to Hypothesis on a provisional basis, using the comment-based syntax for Python 2 compatibility. You can read more about our type hints here.

It also adds the py.typed marker specified in PEP 561. After you pip install hypothesis, mypy 0.590 or later will therefore type-check your use of our public interface!

3.61.0 - 2018-06-24

This release deprecates the use of settings as a context manager, the use of which is somewhat ambiguous.

Users should define settings with global state or with the @settings(...) decorator.

3.60.1 - 2018-06-20

Fixed a bug in generating an instance of a Django model from a strategy where the primary key is generated as part of the strategy. See details here.

Thanks to Tim Martin for this contribution.

3.60.0 - 2018-06-20

This release adds the @initialize decorator for stateful testing (originally discussed in issue #1216). All @initialize rules will be called once each in an arbitrary order before any normal rule is called.

3.59.3 - 2018-06-19

This is a no-op release to take into account some changes to the release process. It should have no user visible effect.

3.59.2 - 2018-06-18

This adds support for partially sorting examples which cannot be fully sorted. For example, [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0] with a constraint that the first element needs to be larger than the last becomes [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0].

Thanks to Luke for contributing.

3.59.1 - 2018-06-16

This patch uses python:random.getstate() and python:random.setstate() to restore the PRNG state after @given runs deterministic tests. Without restoring state, you might have noticed problems such as issue #1266. The fix also applies to stateful testing (issue #702).

3.59.0 - 2018-06-14

This release adds the emails() strategy, which generates unicode strings representing an email address.

Thanks to Sushobhit for moving this to the public API (issue #162).

3.58.1 - 2018-06-13

This improves the shrinker. It can now reorder examples: 3 1 2 becomes 1 2 3.

Thanks to Luke for contributing.

3.58.0 - 2018-06-13

This adds a new extra timezones() strategy that generates dateutil timezones.

Thanks to Conrad for contributing.

3.57.0 - 2018-05-20

Using an unordered collection with the permutations() strategy has been deprecated because the order in which e.g. a set shrinks is arbitrary. This may cause different results between runs.

3.56.10 - 2018-05-16

This release makes hypothesis.settings.define_setting a private method, which has the effect of hiding it from the documentation.

3.56.9 - 2018-05-11

This is another release with no functionality changes as part of changes to Hypothesis’s new release tagging scheme.

3.56.8 - 2018-05-10

This is a release with no functionality changes that moves Hypothesis over to a new release tagging scheme.

3.56.7 - 2018-05-10

This release provides a performance improvement for most tests, but in particular users of sampled_from() who don’t have numpy installed should see a significant performance improvement.

3.56.6 - 2018-05-09

This patch contains further internal work to support Mypy. There are no user-visible changes… yet.

3.56.5 - 2018-04-22

This patch contains some internal refactoring to run mypy in CI. There are no user-visible changes.

3.56.4 - 2018-04-21

This release involves some very minor internal clean up and should have no user visible effect at all.

3.56.3 - 2018-04-20

This release fixes a problem introduced in 3.56.0 where setting the hypothesis home directory (through currently undocumented means) would no longer result in the default database location living in the new home directory.

3.56.2 - 2018-04-20

This release fixes a problem introduced in 3.56.0 where setting max_examples to 1 would result in tests failing with Unsatisfiable. This problem could also occur in other harder to trigger circumstances (e.g. by setting it to a low value, having a hard to satisfy assumption, and disabling health checks).

3.56.1 - 2018-04-20

This release fixes a problem that was introduced in 3.56.0: Use of the HYPOTHESIS_VERBOSITY_LEVEL environment variable was, rather than deprecated, actually broken due to being read before various setup the deprecation path needed was done. It now works correctly (and emits a deprecation warning).

3.56.0 - 2018-04-17

This release deprecates several redundant or internally oriented settings, working towards an orthogonal set of configuration options that are widely useful without requiring any knowledge of our internals (issue #535).

• Deprecated settings that no longer have any effect are no longer shown in the __repr__ unless set to a non-default value.
• perform_health_check is deprecated, as it duplicates suppress_health_check.
• max_iterations is deprecated and disabled, because we can usually get better behaviour from an internal heuristic than a user-controlled setting.
• min_satisfying_examples is deprecated and disabled, due to overlap with the filter_too_much healthcheck and poor interaction with max_examples.
• HYPOTHESIS_VERBOSITY_LEVEL is now deprecated. Set verbosity through the profile system instead.
• Examples tried by find() are now reported at debug verbosity level (as well as verbose level).

3.55.6 - 2018-04-14

This release fixes a somewhat obscure condition (issue #1230) under which you could occasionally see a failing test trigger an assertion error inside Hypothesis instead of failing normally.

3.55.5 - 2018-04-14

This patch fixes one possible cause of issue #966. When running Python 2 with hash randomisation, passing a python:bytes object to python:random.seed() would use version=1, which broke derandomize (because the seed depended on a randomised hash). If derandomize is still nondeterministic for you, please open an issue.

3.55.4 - 2018-04-13

This patch makes a variety of minor improvements to the documentation, and improves a few validation messages for invalid inputs.

3.55.3 - 2018-04-12

This release updates the URL metadata associated with the PyPI package (again). It has no other user visible effects.

3.55.2 - 2018-04-11

This release updates the URL metadata associated with the PyPI package. It has no other user visible effects.

3.55.1 - 2018-04-06

This patch relaxes constraints in our tests on the expected values returned by the standard library function hypot() and the internal helper function cathetus, to fix near-exact test failures on some 32-bit systems used by downstream packagers.

3.55.0 - 2018-04-05

This release includes several improvements to the handling of the database setting.

• The database_file setting was a historical artefact, and you should just use database directly.
• The HYPOTHESIS_DATABASE_FILE environment variable is deprecated, in favor of load_profile() and the database setting.
• If you have not configured the example database at all and the default location is not usable (due to e.g. permissions issues), Hypothesis will fall back to an in-memory database. This is not persisted between sessions, but means that the defaults work on read-only filesystems.

3.54.0 - 2018-04-04

This release improves the complex_numbers() strategy, which now supports min_magnitude and max_magnitude arguments, along with allow_nan and allow_infinity like for floats().

Thanks to J.J. Green for this feature.

3.53.0 - 2018-04-01

This release removes support for Django 1.8, which reached end of life on 2018-04-01. You can see Django’s release and support schedule on the Django Project website.

3.52.3 - 2018-04-01

This patch fixes the min_satisfying_examples settings documentation, by explaining that example shrinking is tracked at the level of the underlying bytestream rather than the output value.

The output from find() in verbose mode has also been adjusted - see the example session - to avoid duplicating lines when the example repr is constant, even if the underlying representation has been shrunken.

3.52.2 - 2018-03-30

This release improves the output of failures with rule based stateful testing in two ways:

• The output from it is now usually valid Python code.
• When the same value has two different names because it belongs to two different bundles, it will now display with the name associated with the correct bundle for a rule argument where it is used.

3.52.1 - 2018-03-29

This release improves the behaviour of stateful testing in two ways:

• Previously some runs would run no steps (issue #376). This should no longer happen.
• RuleBasedStateMachine tests which used bundles extensively would often shrink terribly. This should now be significantly improved, though there is likely a lot more room for improvement.

This release also involves a low level change to how ranges of integers are handles which may result in other improvements to shrink quality in some cases.

3.52.0 - 2018-03-24

This release deprecates use of @settings(...) as a decorator, on functions or methods that are not also decorated with @given. You can still apply these decorators in any order, though you should only do so once each.

Applying @given twice was already deprecated, and applying @settings(...) twice is deprecated in this release and will become an error in a future version. Neither could ever be used twice to good effect.

Using @settings(...) as the sole decorator on a test is completely pointless, so this common usage error will become an error in a future version of Hypothesis.

3.51.0 - 2018-03-24

This release deprecates the average_size argument to lists() and other collection strategies. You should simply delete it wherever it was used in your tests, as it no longer has any effect.

In early versions of Hypothesis, the average_size argument was treated as a hint about the distribution of examples from a strategy. Subsequent improvements to the conceptual model and the engine for generating and shrinking examples mean it is more effective to simply describe what constitutes a valid example, and let our internals handle the distribution.

3.50.3 - 2018-03-24

This patch contains some internal refactoring so that we can run with warnings as errors in CI.

3.50.2 - 2018-03-20

This has no user-visible changes except one slight formatting change to one docstring, to avoid a deprecation warning.

3.50.1 - 2018-03-20

This patch fixes an internal error introduced in 3.48.0, where a check for the Django test runner would expose import-time errors in Django configuration (issue #1167).

3.50.0 - 2018-03-19

This release improves validation of numeric bounds for some strategies.

• integers() and floats() now raise InvalidArgument if passed a min_value or max_value which is not an instance of Real, instead of various internal errors.
• floats() now converts its bounding values to the nearest float above or below the min or max bound respectively, instead of just casting to float. The old behaviour was incorrect in that you could generate float(min_value), even when this was less than min_value itself (possible with eg. fractions).
• When both bounds are provided to floats() but there are no floats in the interval, such as [(2**54)+1 .. (2**55)-1], InvalidArgument is raised.
• decimals() gives a more useful error message if passed a string that cannot be converted to Decimal in a context where this error is not trapped.

Code that previously seemed to work may be explicitly broken if there were no floats between min_value and max_value (only possible with non-float bounds), or if a bound was not a Real number but still allowed in python:math.isnan (some custom classes with a __float__ method).

3.49.1 - 2018-03-15

This patch fixes our tests for Numpy dtype strategies on big-endian platforms, where the strategy behaved correctly but the test assumed that the native byte order was little-endian.

There is no user impact unless you are running our test suite on big-endian platforms. Thanks to Graham Inggs for reporting issue #1164.

3.49.0 - 2018-03-12

This release deprecates passing elements=None to collection strategies, such as lists().

Requiring lists(nothing()) or builds(list) instead of lists() means slightly more typing, but also improves the consistency and discoverability of our API - as well as showing how to compose or construct strategies in ways that still work in more complex situations.

Passing a nonzero max_size to a collection strategy where the elements strategy contains no values is now deprecated, and will be an error in a future version. The equivalent with elements=None is already an error.

3.48.1 - 2018-03-05

This patch will minimize examples that would come out non-minimal in previous versions. Thanks to Kyle Reeve for this patch.

3.48.0 - 2018-03-05

This release improves some “unhappy paths” when using Hypothesis with the standard library python:unittest module:

• Applying @given to a non-test method which is overridden from python:unittest.TestCase, such as setUp, raises a new health check. (issue #991)
• Using subTest() within a test decorated with @given would leak intermediate results when tests were run under the python:unittest test runner. Individual reporting of failing subtests is now disabled during a test using @given. (issue #1071)
• @given is still not a class decorator, but the error message if you try using it on a class has been improved.

As a related improvement, using django:django.test.TestCase with @given instead of hypothesis.extra.django.TestCase raises an explicit error instead of running all examples in a single database transaction.

3.47.0 - 2018-03-02

register_profile now accepts keyword arguments for specific settings, and the parent settings object is now optional. Using a name for a registered profile which is not a string was never suggested, but it is now also deprecated and will eventually be an error.

3.46.2 - 2018-03-01

This release removes an unnecessary branch from the code, and has no user-visible impact.

3.46.1 - 2018-03-01

This changes only the formatting of our docstrings and should have no user-visible effects.

3.46.0 - 2018-02-26

characters() has improved docs about what arguments are valid, and additional validation logic to raise a clear error early (instead of e.g. silently ignoring a bad argument). Categories may be specified as the Unicode ‘general category’ (eg u'Nd'), or as the ‘major category’ (eg [u'N', u'Lu'] is equivalent to [u'Nd', u'Nl', u'No', u'Lu']).

In previous versions, general categories were supported and all other input was silently ignored. Now, major categories are supported in addition to general categories (which may change the behaviour of some existing code), and all other input is deprecated.

3.45.5 - 2018-02-26

This patch improves strategy inference in hypothesis.extra.django to account for some validators in addition to field type - see issue #1116 for ongoing work in this space.

Specifically, if a CharField or TextField has an attached RegexValidator, we now use from_regex() instead of text() as the underlying strategy. This allows us to generate examples of the default User model, closing issue #1112.

3.45.4 - 2018-02-25

This patch improves some internal debugging information, fixes a typo in a validation error message, and expands the documentation for new contributors.

3.45.3 - 2018-02-23

This patch may improve example shrinking slightly for some strategies.

3.45.2 - 2018-02-18

This release makes our docstring style more consistent, thanks to flake8-docstrings. There are no user-visible changes.

3.45.1 - 2018-02-17

This fixes an indentation issue in docstrings for datetimes(), dates(), times(), and timedeltas().

3.45.0 - 2018-02-13

This release fixes builds() so that target can be used as a keyword argument for passing values to the target. The target itself can still be specified as a keyword argument, but that behavior is now deprecated. The target should be provided as the first positional argument.

3.44.26 - 2018-02-06

This release fixes some formatting issues in the Hypothesis source code. It should have no externally visible effects.

3.44.25 - 2018-02-05

This release changes the way in which Hypothesis tries to shrink the size of examples. It probably won’t have much impact, but might make shrinking faster in some cases. It is unlikely but not impossible that it will change the resulting examples.

3.44.24 - 2018-01-27

This release fixes dependency information when installing Hypothesis from a binary “wheel” distribution.

• The install_requires for enum34 is resolved at install time, rather than at build time (with potentially different results).
• Django has fixed their python_requires for versions 2.0.0 onward, simplifying Python2-compatible constraints for downstream projects.

3.44.23 - 2018-01-24

This release improves shrinking in a class of pathological examples that you are probably never hitting in practice. If you are hitting them in practice this should be a significant speed up in shrinking. If you are not, you are very unlikely to notice any difference. You might see a slight slow down and/or slightly better falsifying examples.

3.44.22 - 2018-01-23

This release fixes a dependency problem. It was possible to install Hypothesis with an old version of attrs, which would throw a TypeError as soon as you tried to import hypothesis. Specifically, you need attrs 16.0.0 or newer.

Hypothesis will now require the correct version of attrs when installing.

3.44.21 - 2018-01-22

This change adds some additional structural information that Hypothesis will use to guide its search.

You mostly shouldn’t see much difference from this. The two most likely effects you would notice are:

1. Hypothesis stores slightly more examples in its database for passing tests.
2. Hypothesis may find new bugs that it was previously missing, but it probably won’t (this is a basic implementation of the feature that is intended to support future work. Although it is useful on its own, it’s not very useful on its own).

3.44.20 - 2018-01-21

This is a small refactoring release that changes how Hypothesis tracks some information about the boundary of examples in its internal representation.

You are unlikely to see much difference in behaviour, but memory usage and run time may both go down slightly during normal test execution, and when failing Hypothesis might print its failing example slightly sooner.

3.44.19 - 2018-01-21

This changes how we compute the default average_size for all collection strategies. Previously setting a max_size without setting an average_size would have the seemingly paradoxical effect of making data generation slower, because it would raise the average size from its default. Now setting max_size will either leave the default unchanged or lower it from its default.

If you are currently experiencing this problem, this may make your tests substantially faster. If you are not, this will likely have no effect on you.

3.44.18 - 2018-01-20

This is a small refactoring release that changes how Hypothesis detects when the structure of data generation depends on earlier values generated (e.g. when using flatmap or composite()). It should not have any observable effect on behaviour.

3.44.17 - 2018-01-15

This release fixes a typo in internal documentation, and has no user-visible impact.

3.44.16 - 2018-01-13

This release improves test case reduction for recursive data structures. Hypothesis now guarantees that whenever a strategy calls itself recursively (usually this will happen because you are using deferred()), any recursive call may replace the top level value. e.g. given a tree structure, Hypothesis will always try replacing it with a subtree.

Additionally this introduces a new heuristic that may in some circumstances significantly speed up test case reduction - Hypothesis should be better at immediately replacing elements drawn inside another strategy with their minimal possible value.

3.44.15 - 2018-01-13

from_type() can now resolve recursive types such as binary trees (issue #1004). Detection of non-type arguments has also improved, leading to better error messages in many cases involving forward references.

3.44.14 - 2018-01-08

This release fixes a bug in the shrinker that prevented the optimisations in 3.44.6 from working in some cases. It would not have worked correctly when filtered examples were nested (e.g. with a set of integers in some range).

This would not have resulted in any correctness problems, but shrinking may have been slower than it otherwise could be.

3.44.13 - 2018-01-08

This release changes the average bit length of values drawn from integers() to be much smaller. Additionally it changes the shrinking order so that now size is considered before sign - e.g. -1 will be preferred to +10.

The new internal format for integers required some changes to the minimizer to make work well, so you may also see some improvements to example quality in unrelated areas.

3.44.12 - 2018-01-07

This changes Hypothesis’s internal implementation of weighted sampling. This will affect example distribution and quality, but you shouldn’t see any other effects.

3.44.11 - 2018-01-06

This is a change to some internals around how Hypothesis handles avoiding generating duplicate examples and seeking out novel regions of the search space.

You are unlikely to see much difference as a result of it, but it fixes a bug where an internal assertion could theoretically be triggered and has some minor effects on the distribution of examples so could potentially find bugs that have previously been missed.

3.44.10 - 2018-01-06

This patch avoids creating debug statements when debugging is disabled. Profiling suggests this is a 5-10% performance improvement (issue #1040).

3.44.9 - 2018-01-06

This patch blacklists null characters ('\x00') in automatically created strategies for Django CharField and TextField, due to a database issue which was recently fixed upstream (Hypothesis issue #1045).

3.44.8 - 2018-01-06

This release makes the Hypothesis shrinker slightly less greedy in order to avoid local minima - when it gets stuck, it makes a small attempt to search around the final example it would previously have returned to find a new starting point to shrink from. This should improve example quality in some cases, especially ones where the test data has dependencies among parts of it that make it difficult for Hypothesis to proceed.

3.44.7 - 2018-01-04

This release adds support for Django 2 in the hypothesis-django extra.

This release drops support for Django 1.10, as it is no longer supported by the Django team.

3.44.6 - 2018-01-02

This release speeds up test case reduction in many examples by being better at detecting large shrinks it can use to discard redundant parts of its input. This will be particularly noticeable in examples that make use of filtering and for some integer ranges.

3.44.5 - 2018-01-02

Happy new year!

This is a no-op release that updates the year range on all of the copyright headers in our source to include 2018.

3.44.4 - 2017-12-23

This release fixes issue #1044, which slowed tests by up to 6% due to broken caching.

3.44.3 - 2017-12-21

This release improves the shrinker in cases where examples drawn earlier can affect how much data is drawn later (e.g. when you draw a length parameter in a composite and then draw that many elements). Examples found in cases like this should now be much closer to minimal.

3.44.2 - 2017-12-20

This is a pure refactoring release which changes how Hypothesis manages its set of examples internally. It should have no externally visible effects.

3.44.1 - 2017-12-18

This release fixes issue #997, in which under some circumstances the body of tests run under Hypothesis would not show up when run under coverage even though the tests were run and the code they called outside of the test file would show up normally.

3.44.0 - 2017-12-17

This release adds a new feature: The @reproduce_failure decorator, designed to make it easy to use Hypothesis’s binary format for examples to reproduce a problem locally without having to share your example database between machines.

This also changes when seeds are printed:

• They will no longer be printed for normal falsifying examples, as there are now adequate ways of reproducing those for all cases, so it just contributes noise.
• They will once again be printed when reusing examples from the database, as health check failures should now be more reliable in this scenario so it will almost always work in this case.

This work was funded by Smarkets.

3.43.1 - 2017-12-17

This release fixes a bug with Hypothesis’s database management - examples that were found in the course of shrinking were saved in a way that indicated that they had distinct causes, and so they would all be retried on the start of the next test. The intended behaviour, which is now what is implemented, is that only a bounded subset of these examples would be retried.

3.43.0 - 2017-12-17

HypothesisDeprecationWarning now inherits from python:FutureWarning instead of python:DeprecationWarning, as recommended by PEP 565 for user-facing warnings (issue #618). If you have not changed the default warnings settings, you will now see each distinct HypothesisDeprecationWarning instead of only the first.

3.42.2 - 2017-12-12

This patch fixes issue #1017, where instances of a list or tuple subtype used as an argument to a strategy would be coerced to tuple.

3.42.1 - 2017-12-10

This release has some internal cleanup, which makes reading the code more pleasant and may shrink large examples slightly faster.

3.42.0 - 2017-12-09

This release deprecates hypothesis[fakefactory], which was designed as a transition strategy but does not support example shrinking or coverage-guided discovery.

3.41.0 - 2017-12-06

sampled_from() can now sample from one-dimensional numpy ndarrays. Sampling from multi-dimensional ndarrays still results in a deprecation warning. Thanks to Charlie Tanksley for this patch.

3.40.1 - 2017-12-04

This release makes two changes:

• It makes the calculation of some of the metadata that Hypothesis uses for shrinking occur lazily. This should speed up performance of test case generation a bit because it no longer calculates information it doesn’t need.
• It improves the shrinker for certain classes of nested examples. e.g. when shrinking lists of lists, the shrinker is now able to concatenate two adjacent lists together into a single list. As a result of this change, shrinking may get somewhat slower when the minimal example found is large.

3.40.0 - 2017-12-02

This release improves how various ways of seeding Hypothesis interact with the example database:

• Using the example database with seed() is now deprecated. You should set database=None if you are doing that. This will only warn if you actually load examples from the database while using @seed.
• The derandomize will behave the same way as @seed.
• Using --hypothesis-seed will disable use of the database.
• If a test used examples from the database, it will not suggest using a seed to reproduce it, because that won’t work.

This work was funded by Smarkets.

3.39.0 - 2017-12-01

This release adds a new health check that checks if the smallest “natural” possible example of your test case is very large - this will tend to cause Hypothesis to generate bad examples and be quite slow.

This work was funded by Smarkets.

3.38.9 - 2017-11-29

This is a documentation release to improve the documentation of shrinking behaviour for Hypothesis’s strategies.

3.38.8 - 2017-11-29

This release improves the performance of characters() when using blacklist_characters and from_regex() when using negative character classes.

The problems this fixes were found in the course of work funded by Smarkets.

3.38.7 - 2017-11-29

This is a patch release for from_regex(), which had a bug in handling of the python:re.VERBOSE flag (issue #992). Flags are now handled correctly when parsing regex.

3.38.6 - 2017-11-28

This patch changes a few byte-string literals from double to single quotes, thanks to an update in unify. There are no user-visible changes.

3.38.5 - 2017-11-23

This fixes the repr of strategies using lambda that are defined inside decorators to include the lambda source.

This would mostly have been visible when using the statistics functionality - lambdas used for e.g. filtering would have shown up with a <unknown> as their body. This can still happen, but it should happen less often now.

3.38.4 - 2017-11-22

This release updates the reported statistics so that they show approximately what fraction of your test run time is spent in data generation (as opposed to test execution).

This work was funded by Smarkets.

3.38.3 - 2017-11-21

This is a documentation release, which ensures code examples are up to date by running them as doctests in CI (issue #711).

3.38.2 - 2017-11-21

This release changes the behaviour of the deadline setting when used with data(): Time spent inside calls to data.draw will no longer be counted towards the deadline time.

As a side effect of some refactoring required for this work, the way flaky tests are handled has changed slightly. You are unlikely to see much difference from this, but some error messages will have changed.

This work was funded by Smarkets.

3.38.1 - 2017-11-21

This patch has a variety of non-user-visible refactorings, removing various minor warts ranging from indirect imports to typos in comments.

3.38.0 - 2017-11-18

This release overhauls the health check system in a variety of small ways. It adds no new features, but is nevertheless a minor release because it changes which tests are likely to fail health checks.

The most noticeable effect is that some tests that used to fail health checks will now pass, and some that used to pass will fail. These should all be improvements in accuracy. In particular:

• New failures will usually be because they are now taking into account things like use of data() and assume() inside the test body.
• New failures may also be because for some classes of example the way data generation performance was measured was artificially faster than real data generation (for most examples that are hitting performance health checks the opposite should be the case).
• Tests that used to fail health checks and now pass do so because the health check system used to run in a way that was subtly different than the main Hypothesis data generation and lacked some of its support for e.g. large examples.

If your data generation is especially slow, you may also see your tests get somewhat faster, as there is no longer a separate health check phase. This will be particularly noticeable when rerunning test failures.

This work was funded by Smarkets.

3.37.0 - 2017-11-12

This is a deprecation release for some health check related features.

The following are now deprecated:

• Passing exception_in_generation to suppress_health_check. This no longer does anything even when passed - All errors that occur during data generation will now be immediately reraised rather than going through the health check mechanism.
• Passing random_module to suppress_health_check. This hasn’t done anything for a long time, but was never explicitly deprecated. Hypothesis always seeds the random module when running @given tests, so this is no longer an error and suppressing it doesn’t do anything.
• Passing non-HealthCheck values in suppress_health_check. This was previously allowed but never did anything useful.

In addition, passing a non-iterable value as suppress_health_check will now raise an error immediately (it would never have worked correctly, but it would previously have failed later). Some validation error messages have also been updated.

This work was funded by Smarkets.

3.36.1 - 2017-11-10

This is a yak shaving release, mostly concerned with our own tests.

While getfullargspec() was documented as deprecated in Python 3.5, it never actually emitted a warning. Our code to silence this (nonexistent) warning has therefore been removed.

We now run our tests with DeprecationWarning as an error, and made some minor changes to our own tests as a result. This required similar upstream updates to coverage and execnet (a test-time dependency via pytest-xdist).

There is no user-visible change in Hypothesis itself, but we encourage you to consider enabling deprecations as errors in your own tests.

3.36.0 - 2017-11-06

This release adds a setting to the public API, and does some internal cleanup:

• The derandomize setting is now documented (issue #890)
• Removed - and disallowed - all ‘bare excepts’ in Hypothesis (issue #953)
• Documented the strict setting as deprecated, and updated the build so our docs always match deprecations in the code.

3.35.0 - 2017-11-06

This minor release supports constraining uuids() to generate a particular version of UUID (issue #721).

Thanks to Dion Misic for this feature.

3.34.1 - 2017-11-02

This patch updates the documentation to suggest builds(callable) instead of just(callable()).

3.34.0 - 2017-11-02

Hypothesis now emits deprecation warnings if you apply @given more than once to a target.

Applying @given repeatedly wraps the target multiple times. Each wrapper will search the space of of possible parameters separately. This is equivalent but will be much more inefficient than doing it with a single call to @given.

For example, instead of @given(booleans()) @given(integers()), you could write @given(booleans(), integers())

3.33.1 - 2017-11-02

This is a bugfix release:

• builds() would try to infer a strategy for required positional arguments of the target from type hints, even if they had been given to builds() as positional arguments (issue #946). Now it only infers missing required arguments.
• An internal introspection function wrongly reported self as a required argument for bound methods, which might also have affected builds(). Now it knows better.

3.33.0 - 2017-10-16

This release supports strategy inference for more field types in Django models() - you can now omit an argument for Date, Time, Duration, Slug, IP Address, and UUID fields. (issue #642)

Strategy generation for fields with grouped choices now selects choices from each group, instead of selecting from the group names.

3.32.2 - 2017-10-15

This patch removes the mergedb tool, introduced in Hypothesis 1.7.1 on an experimental basis. It has never actually worked, and the new Hypothesis example database is designed to make such a tool unnecessary.

3.32.1 - 2017-10-13

This patch has two improvements for strategies based on enumerations.

• from_type() now handles enumerations correctly, delegating to sampled_from(). Previously it noted that Enum.__init__ has no required arguments and therefore delegated to builds(), which would subsequently fail.
• When sampling from an python:enum.Flag, we also generate combinations of members. Eg for Flag('Permissions', 'READ, WRITE, EXECUTE') we can now generate, Permissions.READ, Permissions.READ|WRITE, and so on.

3.32.0 - 2017-10-09

This changes the default value of use_coverage=True to True when running on pypy (it was already True on CPython).

It was previously set to False because we expected it to be too slow, but recent benchmarking shows that actually performance of the feature on pypy is fairly acceptable - sometimes it’s slower than on CPython, sometimes it’s faster, but it’s generally within a factor of two either way.

3.31.6 - 2017-10-08

This patch improves the quality of strategies inferred from Numpy dtypes:

• Integer dtypes generated examples with the upper half of their (non-sign) bits set to zero. The inferred strategies can now produce any representable integer.
• Fixed-width unicode- and byte-string dtypes now cap the internal example length, which should improve example and shrink quality.
• Numpy arrays can only store fixed-size strings internally, and allow shorter strings by right-padding them with null bytes. Inferred string strategies no longer generate such values, as they can never be retrieved from an array. This improves shrinking performance by skipping useless values.

This has already been useful in Hypothesis - we found an overflow bug in our Pandas support, and as a result indexes() and range_indexes() now check that min_size and max_size are at least zero.

3.31.5 - 2017-10-08

This release fixes a performance problem in tests where use_coverage is set to True.

Tests experience a slow-down proportionate to the amount of code they cover. This is still the case, but the factor is now low enough that it should be unnoticeable. Previously it was large and became much larger in 3.30.4.

3.31.4 - 2017-10-08

from_type() failed with a very confusing error if passed a NewType() (issue #901). These psudeo-types are now unwrapped correctly, and strategy inference works as expected.

3.31.3 - 2017-10-06

This release makes some small optimisations to our use of coverage that should reduce constant per-example overhead. This is probably only noticeable on examples where the test itself is quite fast. On no-op tests that don’t test anything you may see up to a fourfold speed increase (which is still significantly slower than without coverage). On more realistic tests the speed up is likely to be less than that.

3.31.2 - 2017-09-30

This release fixes some formatting and small typos/grammar issues in the documentation, specifically the page docs/settings.rst, and the inline docs for the various settings.

3.31.1 - 2017-09-30

This release improves the handling of deadlines so that they act better with the shrinking process. This fixes issue #892.

This involves two changes:

1. The deadline is raised during the initial generation and shrinking, and then lowered to the set value for final replay. This restricts our attention to examples which exceed the deadline by a more significant margin, which increases their reliability.
2. When despite the above a test still becomes flaky because it is significantly faster on rerun than it was on its first run, the error message is now more explicit about the nature of this problem, and includes both the initial test run time and the new test run time.

In addition, this release also clarifies the documentation of the deadline setting slightly to be more explicit about where it applies.

This work was funded by Smarkets.

3.31.0 - 2017-09-29

This release blocks installation of Hypothesis on Python 3.3, which reached its end of life date on 2017-09-29.

This should not be of interest to anyone but downstream maintainers - if you are affected, migrate to a secure version of Python as soon as possible or at least seek commercial support.

3.30.4 - 2017-09-27

This release makes several changes:

1. It significantly improves Hypothesis’s ability to use coverage information to find interesting examples.
2. It reduces the default max_examples setting from 200 to 100. This takes advantage of the improved algorithm meaning fewer examples are typically needed to get the same testing and is sufficiently better at covering interesting behaviour, and offsets some of the performance problems of running under coverage.
3. Hypothesis will always try to start its testing with an example that is near minimized.

The new algorithm for 1 also makes some changes to Hypothesis’s low level data generation which apply even with coverage turned off. They generally reduce the total amount of data generated, which should improve test performance somewhat. Between this and 3 you should see a noticeable reduction in test runtime (how much so depends on your tests and how much example size affects their performance. On our benchmarks, where data generation dominates, we saw up to a factor of two performance improvement, but it’s unlikely to be that large.

3.30.3 - 2017-09-25

This release fixes some formatting and small typos/grammar issues in the documentation, specifically the page docs/details.rst, and some inline docs linked from there.

3.30.2 - 2017-09-24

This release changes Hypothesis’s caching approach for functions in hypothesis.strategies. Previously it would have cached extremely aggressively and cache entries would never be evicted. Now it adopts a least-frequently used, least recently used key invalidation policy, and is somewhat more conservative about which strategies it caches.

Workloads which create strategies based on dynamic values, e.g. by using flatmap or composite(), will use significantly less memory.

3.30.1 - 2017-09-22

This release fixes a bug where when running with use_coverage=True inside an existing running instance of coverage, Hypothesis would frequently put files that the coveragerc excluded in the report for the enclosing coverage.

3.30.0 - 2017-09-20

This release introduces two new features:

• When a test fails, either with a health check failure or a falsifying example, Hypothesis will print out a seed that led to that failure, if the test is not already running with a fixed seed. You can then recreate that failure using either the @seed decorator or (if you are running pytest) with --hypothesis-seed.
• pytest users can specify a seed to use for @given based tests by passing the --hypothesis-seed command line argument.

This work was funded by Smarkets.

3.29.0 - 2017-09-19

This release makes Hypothesis coverage aware. Hypothesis now runs all test bodies under coverage, and uses this information to guide its testing.

The use_coverage setting can be used to disable this behaviour if you want to test code that is sensitive to coverage being enabled (either because of performance or interaction with the trace function).

The main benefits of this feature are:

• Hypothesis now observes when examples it discovers cover particular lines or branches and stores them in the database for later.
• Hypothesis will make some use of this information to guide its exploration of the search space and improve the examples it finds (this is currently used only very lightly and will likely improve significantly in future releases).

This also has the following side-effects:

• Hypothesis now has an install time dependency on the coverage package.
• Tests that are already running Hypothesis under coverage will likely get faster.
• Tests that are not running under coverage now run their test bodies under coverage by default.

This feature is only partially supported under pypy. It is significantly slower than on CPython and is turned off by default as a result, but it should still work correctly if you want to use it.

3.28.3 - 2017-09-18

This release is an internal change that affects how Hypothesis handles calculating certain properties of strategies.

The primary effect of this is that it fixes a bug where use of deferred() could sometimes trigger an internal assertion error. However the fix for this bug involved some moderately deep changes to how Hypothesis handles certain constructs so you may notice some additional knock-on effects.

In particular the way Hypothesis handles drawing data from strategies that cannot generate any values has changed to bail out sooner than it previously did. This may speed up certain tests, but it is unlikely to make much of a difference in practice for tests that were not already failing with Unsatisfiable.

3.28.2 - 2017-09-18

This is a patch release that fixes a bug in the hypothesis.extra.pandas documentation where it incorrectly referred to column() instead of columns().

3.28.1 - 2017-09-16

This is a refactoring release. It moves a number of internal uses of namedtuple() over to using attrs based classes, and removes a couple of internal namedtuple classes that were no longer in use.

It should have no user visible impact.

3.28.0 - 2017-09-15

This release adds support for testing pandas via the hypothesis.extra.pandas module.

It also adds a dependency on attrs.

This work was funded by Stripe.

3.27.1 - 2017-09-14

This release fixes some formatting and broken cross-references in the documentation, which includes editing docstrings - and thus a patch release.

3.27.0 - 2017-09-13

This release introduces a deadline setting to Hypothesis.

When set this turns slow tests into errors. By default it is unset but will warn if you exceed 200ms, which will become the default value in a future release.

This work was funded by Smarkets.

3.26.0 - 2017-09-12

Hypothesis now emits deprecation warnings if you are using the legacy SQLite example database format, or the tool for merging them. These were already documented as deprecated, so this doesn’t change their deprecation status, only that we warn about it.

3.25.1 - 2017-09-12

This release fixes a bug with generating numpy datetime and timedelta types: When inferring the strategy from the dtype, datetime and timedelta dtypes with sub-second precision would always produce examples with one second resolution. Inferring a strategy from a time dtype will now always produce example with the same precision.

3.25.0 - 2017-09-12

This release changes how Hypothesis shrinks and replays examples to take into account that it can encounter new bugs while shrinking the bug it originally found. Previously it would end up replacing the originally found bug with the new bug and show you only that one. Now it is (often) able to recognise when two bugs are distinct and when it finds more than one will show both.

3.24.2 - 2017-09-11

This release removes the (purely internal and no longer useful) strategy_test_suite function and the corresponding strategytests module.

3.24.1 - 2017-09-06

This release improves the reduction of examples involving floating point numbers to produce more human readable examples.

It also has some general purpose changes to the way the minimizer works internally, which may see some improvement in quality and slow down of test case reduction in cases that have nothing to do with floating point numbers.

3.24.0 - 2017-09-05

Hypothesis now emits deprecation warnings if you use some_strategy.example() inside a test function or strategy definition (this was never intended to be supported, but is sufficiently widespread that it warrants a deprecation path).

3.23.3 - 2017-09-05

This is a bugfix release for decimals() with the places argument.

• No longer fails health checks (issue #725, due to internal filtering)
• Specifying a min_value and max_value without any decimals with places places between them gives a more useful error message.
• Works for any valid arguments, regardless of the decimal precision context.

3.23.2 - 2017-09-01

This is a small refactoring release that removes a now-unused parameter to an internal API. It shouldn’t have any user visible effect.

3.23.1 - 2017-09-01

Hypothesis no longer propagates the dynamic scope of settings into strategy definitions.

This release is a small change to something that was never part of the public API and you will almost certainly not notice any effect unless you’re doing something surprising, but for example the following code will now give a different answer in some circumstances:

import hypothesis.strategies as st
from hypothesis import settings

CURRENT_SETTINGS = st.builds(lambda: settings.default)

(We don’t actually encourage you writing code like this)

Previously this would have generated the settings that were in effect at the point of definition of CURRENT_SETTINGS. Now it will generate the settings that are used for the current test.

It is very unlikely to be significant enough to be visible, but you may also notice a small performance improvement.

3.23.0 - 2017-08-31

This release adds a unique argument to arrays() which behaves the same ways as the corresponding one for lists(), requiring all of the elements in the generated array to be distinct.

3.22.2 - 2017-08-29

This release fixes an issue where Hypothesis would raise a TypeError when using the datetime-related strategies if running with PYTHONOPTIMIZE=2. This bug was introduced in 3.20.0. (See issue #822)

3.22.1 - 2017-08-28

Hypothesis now transparently handles problems with an internal unicode cache, including file truncation or read-only filesystems (issue #767). Thanks to Sam Hames for the patch.

3.22.0 - 2017-08-26

This release provides what should be a substantial performance improvement to numpy arrays generated using provided numpy support, and adds a new fill_value argument to arrays() to control this behaviour.

This work was funded by Stripe.

3.21.3 - 2017-08-26

This release fixes some extremely specific circumstances that probably have never occurred in the wild where users of deferred() might have seen a python:RuntimeError from too much recursion, usually in cases where no valid example could have been generated anyway.

3.21.2 - 2017-08-25

This release fixes some minor bugs in argument validation:

• hypothesis.extra.numpy dtype strategies would raise an internal error instead of an InvalidArgument exception when passed an invalid endianness specification.
• fractions() would raise an internal error instead of an InvalidArgument if passed float("nan") as one of its bounds.
• The error message for passing float("nan") as a bound to various strategies has been improved.
• Various bound arguments will now raise InvalidArgument in cases where they would previously have raised an internal TypeError or ValueError from the relevant conversion function.
• streaming() would not have emitted a deprecation warning when called with an invalid argument.

3.21.1 - 2017-08-24

This release fixes a bug where test failures that were the result of an @example would print an extra stack trace before re-raising the exception.

3.21.0 - 2017-08-23

This release deprecates Hypothesis’s strict mode, which turned Hypothesis’s deprecation warnings into errors. Similar functionality can be achieved by using simplefilter('error', HypothesisDeprecationWarning).

3.20.0 - 2017-08-22

This release renames the relevant arguments on the datetimes(), dates(), times(), and timedeltas() strategies to min_value and max_value, to make them consistent with the other strategies in the module.

The old argument names are still supported but will emit a deprecation warning when used explicitly as keyword arguments. Arguments passed positionally will go to the new argument names and are not deprecated.

3.19.3 - 2017-08-22

This release provides a major overhaul to the internals of how Hypothesis handles shrinking.

This should mostly be visible in terms of getting better examples for tests which make heavy use of composite(), data() or flatmap where the data drawn depends a lot on previous choices, especially where size parameters are affected. Previously Hypothesis would have struggled to reliably produce good examples here. Now it should do much better. Performance should also be better for examples with a non-zero min_size.

You may see slight changes to example generation (e.g. improved example diversity) as a result of related changes to internals, but they are unlikely to be significant enough to notice.

3.19.2 - 2017-08-21

This release fixes two bugs in hypothesis.extra.numpy:

• unicode_string_dtypes() didn’t work at all due to an incorrect dtype specifier. Now it does.
• Various impossible conditions would have been accepted but would error when they fail to produced any example. Now they raise an explicit InvalidArgument error.

3.19.1 - 2017-08-21

This is a bugfix release for issue #739, where bounds for fractions() or floating-point decimals() were not properly converted to integers before passing them to the integers strategy. This excluded some values that should have been possible, and could trigger internal errors if the bounds lay between adjacent integers.

You can now bound fractions() with two arbitrarily close fractions.

It is now an explicit error to supply a min_value, max_value, and max_denominator to fractions() where the value bounds do not include a fraction with denominator at most max_denominator.

3.19.0 - 2017-08-20

This release adds the from_regex() strategy, which generates strings that contain a match of a regular expression.

Thanks to Maxim Kulkin for creating the hypothesis-regex package and then helping to upstream it! (issue #662)

3.18.5 - 2017-08-18

This is a bugfix release for integers(). Previously the strategy would hit an internal assertion if passed non-integer bounds for min_value and max_value that had no integers between them. The strategy now raises InvalidArgument instead.

3.18.4 - 2017-08-18

Release to fix a bug where mocks can be used as test runners under certain conditions. Specifically, if a mock is injected into a test via pytest fixtures or patch decorators, and that mock is the first argument in the list, hypothesis will think it represents self and turns the mock into a test runner. If this happens, the affected test always passes because the mock is executed instead of the test body. Sometimes, it will also fail health checks.

Fixes issue #491 and a section of issue #198. Thanks to Ben Peterson for this bug fix.

3.18.3 - 2017-08-17

This release should improve the performance of some tests which experienced a slow down as a result of the 3.13.0 release.

Tests most likely to benefit from this are ones that make extensive use of min_size parameters, but others may see some improvement as well.

3.18.2 - 2017-08-16

This release fixes a bug introduced in 3.18.0. If the arguments whitelist_characters and blacklist_characters to characters() contained overlapping elements, then an InvalidArgument exception would be raised.

Thanks to Zac Hatfield-Dodds for reporting and fixing this.

3.18.1 - 2017-08-14

This is a bug fix release to fix issue #780, where sets() and similar would trigger health check errors if their element strategy could only produce one element (e.g. if it was just()).

3.18.0 - 2017-08-13

This is a feature release:

• characters() now accepts whitelist_characters, particular characters which will be added to those it produces. (issue #668)
• A bug fix for the internal function _union_interval_lists(), and a rename to _union_intervals(). It now correctly handles all cases where intervals overlap, and it always returns the result as a tuple for tuples.

Thanks to Alex Willmer for these.

3.17.0 - 2017-08-07

This release documents the previously undocumented phases feature, making it part of the public API. It also updates how the example database is used. Principally:

• A Phases.reuse argument will now correctly control whether examples from the database are run (it previously did exactly the wrong thing and controlled whether examples would be saved).
• Hypothesis will no longer try to rerun all previously failing examples. Instead it will replay the smallest previously failing example and a selection of other examples that are likely to trigger any other bugs that will found. This prevents a previous failure from dominating your tests unnecessarily.
• As a result of the previous change, Hypothesis will be slower about clearing out old examples from the database that are no longer failing (because it can only clear out ones that it actually runs).

3.16.1 - 2017-08-07

This release makes an implementation change to how Hypothesis handles certain internal constructs.

The main effect you should see is improvement to the behaviour and performance of collection types, especially ones with a min_size parameter. Many cases that would previously fail due to being unable to generate enough valid examples will now succeed, and other cases should run slightly faster.

3.16.0 - 2017-08-04

This release introduces a deprecation of the timeout feature. This results in the following changes:

• Creating a settings object with an explicit timeout will emit a deprecation warning.
• If your test stops because it hits the timeout (and has not found a bug) then it will emit a deprecation warning.
• There is a new value unlimited which you can import from hypothesis. settings(timeout=unlimited) will not cause a deprecation warning.
• There is a new health check, hung_test, which will trigger after a test has been running for five minutes if it is not suppressed.

3.15.0 - 2017-08-04

This release deprecates two strategies, choices() and streaming().

Both of these are somewhat confusing to use and are entirely redundant since the introduction of the data() strategy for interactive drawing in tests, and their use should be replaced with direct use of data() instead.

3.14.2 - 2017-08-03

This fixes a bug where Hypothesis would not work correctly on Python 2.7 if you had the python:typing module backport installed.

3.14.1 - 2017-08-02

This raises the maximum depth at which Hypothesis starts cutting off data generation to a more reasonable value which it is harder to hit by accident.

This resolves (issue #751), in which some examples which previously worked would start timing out, but it will also likely improve the data generation quality for complex data types.

3.14.0 - 2017-07-23

Hypothesis now understands inline type annotations (issue #293):

• If the target of builds() has type annotations, a default strategy for missing required arguments is selected based on the type. Type-based strategy selection will only override a default if you pass hypothesis.infer as a keyword argument.
• If @given wraps a function with type annotations, you can pass infer as a keyword argument and the appropriate strategy will be substituted.
• You can check what strategy will be inferred for a type with the new from_type() function.
• register_type_strategy() teaches Hypothesis which strategy to infer for custom or unknown types. You can provide a strategy, or for more complex cases a function which takes the type and returns a strategy.

3.13.1 - 2017-07-20

This is a bug fix release for issue #514 - Hypothesis would continue running examples after a SkipTest exception was raised, including printing a falsifying example. Skip exceptions from the standard python:unittest module, and pytest, nose, or unittest2 modules now abort the test immediately without printing output.

3.13.0 - 2017-07-16

This release has two major aspects to it: The first is the introduction of deferred(), which allows more natural definition of recursive (including mutually recursive) strategies.

The second is a number of engine changes designed to support this sort of strategy better. These should have a knock-on effect of also improving the performance of any existing strategies that currently generate a lot of data or involve heavy nesting by reducing their typical example size.

3.12.0 - 2017-07-07

This release makes some major internal changes to how Hypothesis represents data internally, as a prelude to some major engine changes that should improve data quality. There are no API changes, but it’s a significant enough internal change that a minor version bump seemed warranted.

User facing impact should be fairly mild, but includes:

• All existing examples in the database will probably be invalidated. Hypothesis handles this automatically, so you don’t need to do anything, but if you see all your examples disappear that’s why.
• Almost all data distributions have changed significantly. Possibly for the better, possibly for the worse. This may result in new bugs being found, but it may also result in Hypothesis being unable to find bugs it previously did.
• Data generation may be somewhat faster if your existing bottleneck was in draw_bytes (which is often the case for large examples).
• Shrinking will probably be slower, possibly significantly.

If you notice any effects you consider to be a significant regression, please open an issue about them.

3.11.6 - 2017-06-19

This release involves no functionality changes, but is the first to ship wheels as well as an sdist.

3.11.5 - 2017-06-18

This release provides a performance improvement to shrinking. For cases where there is some non-trivial “boundary” value (e.g. the bug happens for all values greater than some other value), shrinking should now be substantially faster. Other types of bug will likely see improvements too.

This may also result in some changes to the quality of the final examples - it may sometimes be better, but is more likely to get slightly worse in some edge cases. If you see any examples where this happens in practice, please report them.

3.11.4 - 2017-06-17

This is a bugfix release: Hypothesis now prints explicit examples when running in verbose mode. (issue #313)

3.11.3 - 2017-06-11

This is a bugfix release: Hypothesis no longer emits a warning if you try to use sampled_from() with python:collections.OrderedDict. (issue #688)

3.11.2 - 2017-06-10

This is a documentation release. Several outdated snippets have been updated or removed, and many cross-references are now hyperlinks.

3.11.1 - 2017-05-28

This is a minor ergonomics release. Tracebacks shown by pytest no longer include Hypothesis internals for test functions decorated with @given.

3.11.0 - 2017-05-23

This is a feature release, adding datetime-related strategies to the core strategies.

timezones() allows you to sample pytz timezones from the Olsen database. Use directly in a recipe for tz-aware datetimes, or compose with none() to allow a mix of aware and naive output.

The new dates(), times(), datetimes(), and timedeltas() strategies are all constrained by objects of their type. This means that you can generate dates bounded by a single day (i.e. a single date), or datetimes constrained to the microsecond.

times() and datetimes() take an optional timezones= argument, which defaults to none() for naive times. You can use our extra strategy based on pytz, or roll your own timezones strategy with dateutil or even the standard library.

The old dates, times, and datetimes strategies in hypothesis.extra.datetimes are deprecated in favor of the new core strategies, which are more flexible and have no dependencies.

3.10.0 - 2017-05-22

Hypothesis now uses python:inspect.getfullargspec() internally. On Python 2, there are no visible changes.

On Python 3 @given and @composite now preserve PEP 3107 annotations on the decorated function. Keyword-only arguments are now either handled correctly (e.g. @composite), or caught in validation instead of silently discarded or raising an unrelated error later (e.g. @given).

3.9.1 - 2017-05-22

This is a bugfix release: the default field mapping for a DateTimeField in the Django extra now respects the USE_TZ setting when choosing a strategy.

3.9.0 - 2017-05-19

This is feature release, expanding the capabilities of the decimals() strategy.

• The new (optional) places argument allows you to generate decimals with a certain number of places (e.g. cents, thousandths, satoshis).
• If allow_infinity is None, setting min_bound no longer excludes positive infinity and setting max_value no longer excludes negative infinity.
• All of NaN, -Nan, sNaN, and -sNaN may now be drawn if allow_nan is True, or if allow_nan is None and min_value or max_value is None.
• min_value and max_value may be given as decimal strings, e.g. "1.234".

3.8.5 - 2017-05-16

Hypothesis now imports python:sqlite3 when a SQLite database is used, rather than at module load, improving compatibility with Python implementations compiled without SQLite support (such as BSD or Jython).

3.8.4 - 2017-05-16

This is a compatibility bugfix release. sampled_from() no longer raises a deprecation warning when sampling from an python:enum.Enum, as all enums have a reliable iteration order.

3.8.3 - 2017-05-09

This release removes a version check for older versions of pytest when using the Hypothesis pytest plugin. The pytest plugin will now run unconditionally on all versions of pytest. This breaks compatibility with any version of pytest prior to 2.7.0 (which is more than two years old).

The primary reason for this change is that the version check was a frequent source of breakage when pytest change their versioning scheme. If you are not working on pytest itself and are not running a very old version of it, this release probably doesn’t affect you.

3.8.2 - 2017-04-26

This is a code reorganisation release that moves some internal test helpers out of the main source tree so as to not have changes to them trigger releases in future.

3.8.1 - 2017-04-26

This is a documentation release. Almost all code examples are now doctests checked in CI, eliminating stale examples.

3.8.0 - 2017-04-23

This is a feature release, adding the iterables() strategy, equivalent to lists(...).map(iter) but with a much more useful repr. You can use this strategy to check that code doesn’t accidentally depend on sequence properties such as indexing support or repeated iteration.

3.7.4 - 2017-04-22

This patch fixes a bug in 3.7.3, where using @example and a pytest fixture in the same test could cause the test to fail to fill the arguments, and throw a TypeError.

3.7.3 - 2017-04-21

This release should include no user visible changes and is purely a refactoring release. This modularises the behaviour of the core given() function, breaking it up into smaller and more accessible parts, but its actual behaviour should remain unchanged.

3.7.2 - 2017-04-21

This reverts an undocumented change in 3.7.1 which broke installation on debian stable: The specifier for the hypothesis[django] extra_requires had introduced a wild card, which was not supported on the default version of pip.

3.7.1 - 2017-04-21

This is a bug fix and internal improvements release.

• In particular Hypothesis now tracks a tree of where it has already explored. This allows it to avoid some classes of duplicate examples, and significantly improves the performance of shrinking failing examples by allowing it to skip some shrinks that it can determine can’t possibly work.
• Hypothesis will no longer seed the global random arbitrarily unless you have asked it to using random_module()
• Shrinking would previously have not worked correctly in some special cases on Python 2, and would have resulted in suboptimal examples.

3.7.0 - 2017-03-20

This is a feature release.

New features:

• Rule based stateful testing now has an @invariant decorator that specifies methods that are run after init and after every step, allowing you to encode properties that should be true at all times. Thanks to Tom Prince for this feature.
• The decimals() strategy now supports allow_nan and allow_infinity flags.
• There are significantly more strategies available for numpy, including for generating arbitrary data types. Thanks to Zac Hatfield Dodds for this feature.
• When using the data() strategy you can now add a label as an argument to draw(), which will be printed along with the value when an example fails. Thanks to Peter Inglesby for this feature.

Bug fixes:

• Bug fix: composite() now preserves functions’ docstrings.
• The build is now reproducible and doesn’t depend on the path you build it from. Thanks to Chris Lamb for this feature.
• numpy strategies for the void data type did not work correctly. Thanks to Zac Hatfield Dodds for this fix.

There have also been a number of performance optimizations:

• The permutations() strategy is now significantly faster to use for large lists (the underlying algorithm has gone from O(n^2) to O(n)).
• Shrinking of failing test cases should have got significantly faster in some circumstances where it was previously struggling for a long time.
• Example generation now involves less indirection, which results in a small speedup in some cases (small enough that you won’t really notice it except in pathological cases).

3.6.1 - 2016-12-20

This release fixes a dependency problem and makes some small behind the scenes improvements.

• The fake-factory dependency was renamed to faker. If you were depending on it through hypothesis[django] or hypothesis[fake-factory] without pinning it yourself then it would have failed to install properly. This release changes it so that hypothesis[fakefactory] (which can now also be installed as hypothesis[faker]) will install the renamed faker package instead.
• This release also removed the dependency of hypothesis[django] on hypothesis[fakefactory] - it was only being used for emails. These now use a custom strategy that isn’t from fakefactory. As a result you should also see performance improvements of tests which generated User objects or other things with email fields, as well as better shrinking of email addresses.
• The distribution of code using nested calls to one_of() or the | operator for combining strategies has been improved, as branches are now flattened to give a more uniform distribution.
• Examples using composite() or .flatmap should now shrink better. In particular this will affect things which work by first generating a length and then generating that many items, which have historically not shrunk very well.

3.6.0 - 2016-10-31

This release reverts Hypothesis to its old pretty printing of lambda functions based on attempting to extract the source code rather than decompile the bytecode. This is unfortunately slightly inferior in some cases and may result in you occasionally seeing things like lambda x: <unknown> in statistics reports and strategy reprs.

This removes the dependencies on uncompyle6, xdis and spark-parser.

The reason for this is that the new functionality was based on uncompyle6, which turns out to introduce a hidden GPLed dependency - it in turn depended on xdis, and although the library was licensed under the MIT license, it contained some GPL licensed source code and thus should have been released under the GPL.

My interpretation is that Hypothesis itself was never in violation of the GPL (because the license it is under, the Mozilla Public License v2, is fully compatible with being included in a GPL licensed work), but I have not consulted a lawyer on the subject. Regardless of the answer to this question, adding a GPLed dependency will likely cause a lot of users of Hypothesis to inadvertently be in violation of the GPL.

As a result, if you are running Hypothesis 3.5.x you really should upgrade to this release immediately.

3.5.3 - 2016-10-05

This is a bug fix release.

Bugs fixed:

• If the same test was running concurrently in two processes and there were examples already in the test database which no longer failed, Hypothesis would sometimes fail with a FileNotFoundError (IOError on Python 2) because an example it was trying to read was deleted before it was read. (issue #372).
• Drawing from an integers() strategy with both a min_value and a max_value would reject too many examples needlessly. Now it repeatedly redraws until satisfied. (pull request #366. Thanks to Calen Pennington for the contribution).

3.5.2 - 2016-09-24

This is a bug fix release.

• The Hypothesis pytest plugin broke pytest support for doctests. Now it doesn’t.

3.5.1 - 2016-09-23

This is a bug fix release.

• Hypothesis now runs cleanly in -B and -BB modes, avoiding mixing bytes and unicode.
• python:unittest.TestCase tests would not have shown up in the new statistics mode. Now they do.
• Similarly, stateful tests would not have shown up in statistics and now they do.
• Statistics now print with pytest node IDs (the names you’d get in pytest verbose mode).

3.5.0 - 2016-09-22

This is a feature release.

• fractions() and decimals() strategies now support min_value and max_value parameters. Thanks go to Anne Mulhern for the development of this feature.
• The Hypothesis pytest plugin now supports a --hypothesis-show-statistics parameter that gives detailed statistics about the tests that were run. Huge thanks to Jean-Louis Fuchs and Adfinis-SyGroup for funding the development of this feature.
• There is a new event() function that can be used to add custom statistics.

Additionally there have been some minor bug fixes:

• In some cases Hypothesis should produce fewer duplicate examples (this will mostly only affect cases with a single parameter).
• pytest command line parameters are now under an option group for Hypothesis (thanks to David Keijser for fixing this)
• Hypothesis would previously error if you used PEP 3107 function annotations on your tests under Python 3.4.
• The repr of many strategies using lambdas has been improved to include the lambda body (this was previously supported in many but not all cases).

3.4.2 - 2016-07-13

This is a bug fix release, fixing a number of problems with the settings system:

• Test functions defined using @given can now be called from other threads (issue #337)
• Attempting to delete a settings property would previously have silently done the wrong thing. Now it raises an AttributeError.
• Creating a settings object with a custom database_file parameter was silently getting ignored and the default was being used instead. Now it’s not.

3.4.1 - 2016-07-07

This is a bug fix release for a single bug:

• On Windows when running two Hypothesis processes in parallel (e.g. using pytest-xdist) they could race with each other and one would raise an exception due to the non-atomic nature of file renaming on Windows and the fact that you can’t rename over an existing file. This is now fixed.

3.4.0 - 2016-05-27

This release is entirely provided by Lucas Wiman:

Strategies constructed by models() will now respect much more of Django’s validations out of the box. Wherever possible, full_clean() should succeed.

In particular:

• The max_length, blank and choices kwargs are now respected.
• Add support for DecimalField.
• If a field includes validators, the list of validators are used to filter the field strategy.

3.3.0 - 2016-05-27

This release went wrong and is functionally equivalent to 3.2.0. Ignore it.

3.2.0 - 2016-05-19

This is a small single-feature release:

• All tests using @given now fix the global random seed. This removes the health check for that. If a non-zero seed is required for the final falsifying example, it will be reported. Otherwise Hypothesis will assume randomization was not a significant factor for the test and be silent on the subject. If you use random_module() this will continue to work and will always display the seed.

3.1.3 - 2016-05-01

Single bug fix release

• Another charmap problem. In 3.1.2 text() and characters() would break on systems which had /tmp mounted on a different partition than the Hypothesis storage directory (usually in home). This fixes that.

3.1.2 - 2016-04-30

Single bug fix release:

• Anything which used a text() or characters() strategy was broken on Windows and I hadn’t updated appveyor to use the new repository location so I didn’t notice. This is now fixed and windows support should work correctly.

3.1.1 - 2016-04-29

Minor bug fix release.

• Fix concurrency issue when running tests that use text() from multiple processes at once (issue #302, thanks to Alex Chan).
• Improve performance of code using lists() with max_size (thanks to Cristi Cobzarenco).
• Fix install on Python 2 with ancient versions of pip so that it installs the enum34 backport (thanks to Donald Stufft for telling me how to do this).
• Remove duplicated __all__ exports from hypothesis.strategies (thanks to Piët Delport).
• Update headers to point to new repository location.
• Allow use of strategies that can’t be used in find() (e.g. choices()) in stateful testing.

3.1.0 - 2016-03-06

• Add a nothing() strategy that never successfully generates values.
• sampled_from() and one_of() can both now be called with an empty argument list, in which case they also never generate any values.
• one_of() may now be called with a single argument that is a collection of strategies as well as as varargs.
• Add a runner() strategy which returns the instance of the current test object if there is one.
• ‘Bundle’ for RuleBasedStateMachine is now a normal(ish) strategy and can be used as such.
• Tests using RuleBasedStateMachine should now shrink significantly better.
• Hypothesis now uses a pretty-printing library internally, compatible with IPython’s pretty printing protocol (actually using the same code). This may improve the quality of output in some cases.
• Add a ‘phases’ setting that allows more fine grained control over which parts of the process Hypothesis runs
• Add a suppress_health_check setting which allows you to turn off specific health checks in a fine grained manner.
• Fix a bug where lists of non fixed size would always draw one more element than they included. This mostly didn’t matter, but if would cause problems with empty strategies or ones with side effects.
• Add a mechanism to the Django model generator to allow you to explicitly request the default value (thanks to Jeremy Thurgood for this one).

3.0.5 - 2016-02-25

• Fix a bug where Hypothesis would now error on py.test development versions.

3.0.4 - 2016-02-24

• Fix a bug where Hypothesis would error when running on Python 2.7.3 or earlier because it was trying to pass a python:bytearray object to python:struct.unpack() (which is only supported since 2.7.4).

3.0.3 - 2016-02-23

• Fix version parsing of py.test to work with py.test release candidates
• More general handling of the health check problem where things could fail because of a cache miss - now one “free” example is generated before the start of the health check run.

3.0.2 - 2016-02-18

• Under certain circumstances, strategies involving text() buried inside some other strategy (e.g. text().filter(...) or recursive(text(), ...)) would cause a test to fail its health checks the first time it ran. This was caused by having to compute some related data and cache it to disk. On travis or anywhere else where the .hypothesis directory was recreated this would have caused the tests to fail their health check on every run. This is now fixed for all the known cases, although there could be others lurking.

3.0.1 - 2016-02-18

• Fix a case where it was possible to trigger an “Unreachable” assertion when running certain flaky stateful tests.
• Improve shrinking of large stateful tests by eliminating a case where it was hard to delete early steps.
• Improve efficiency of drawing binary(min_size=n, max_size=n) significantly by provide a custom implementation for fixed size blocks that can bypass a lot of machinery.
• Set default home directory based on the current working directory at the point Hypothesis is imported, not whenever the function first happens to be called.

3.0.0 - 2016-02-17

Codename: This really should have been 2.1.

Externally this looks like a very small release. It has one small breaking change that probably doesn’t affect anyone at all (some behaviour that never really worked correctly is now outright forbidden) but necessitated a major version bump and one visible new feature.

Internally this is a complete rewrite. Almost nothing other than the public API is the same.

New features:

• Addition of data() strategy which allows you to draw arbitrary data interactively within the test.
• New “exploded” database format which allows you to more easily check the example database into a source repository while supporting merging.
• Better management of how examples are saved in the database.
• Health checks will now raise as errors when they fail. It was too easy to have the warnings be swallowed entirely.

New limitations:

• choices() and streaming() strategies may no longer be used with find(). Neither may data() (this is the change that necessitated a major version bump).

Feature removal:

• The ForkingTestCase executor has gone away. It may return in some more working form at a later date.

Performance improvements:

• A new model which allows flatmap, composite strategies and stateful testing to perform much better. They should also be more reliable.
• Filtering may in some circumstances have improved significantly. This will help especially in cases where you have lots of values with individual filters on them, such as lists(x.filter(…)).
• Modest performance improvements to the general test runner by avoiding expensive operations

In general your tests should have got faster. If they’ve instead got significantly slower, I’m interested in hearing about it.

Data distribution:

The data distribution should have changed significantly. This may uncover bugs the previous version missed. It may also miss bugs the previous version could have uncovered. Hypothesis is now producing less strongly correlated data than it used to, but the correlations are extended over more of the structure.

Shrinking:

Shrinking quality should have improved. In particular Hypothesis can now perform simultaneous shrinking of separate examples within a single test (previously it was only able to do this for elements of a single collection). In some cases performance will have improved, in some cases it will have got worse but generally shouldn’t have by much.

2.0.0 - 2016-01-10

Codename: A new beginning

This release cleans up all of the legacy that accrued in the course of Hypothesis 1.0. These are mostly things that were emitting deprecation warnings in 1.19.0, but there were a few additional changes.

In particular:

• non-strategy values will no longer be converted to strategies when used in given or find.
• FailedHealthCheck is now an error and not a warning.
• Handling of non-ascii reprs in user types have been simplified by using raw strings in more places in Python 2.
• given no longer allows mixing positional and keyword arguments.
• given no longer works with functions with defaults.
• given no longer turns provided arguments into defaults - they will not appear in the argspec at all.
• the basic() strategy no longer exists.
• the n_ary_tree strategy no longer exists.
• the average_list_length setting no longer exists. Note: If you’re using using recursive() this will cause you a significant slow down. You should pass explicit average_size parameters to collections in recursive calls.
• @rule can no longer be applied to the same method twice.
• Python 2.6 and 3.3 are no longer officially supported, although in practice they still work fine.

This also includes two non-deprecation changes:

• given’s keyword arguments no longer have to be the rightmost arguments and can appear anywhere in the method signature.
• The max_shrinks setting would sometimes not have been respected.

1.19.0 - 2016-01-09

Codename: IT COMES

This release heralds the beginning of a new and terrible age of Hypothesis 2.0.

It’s primary purpose is some final deprecations prior to said release. The goal is that if your code emits no warnings under this release then it will probably run unchanged under Hypothesis 2.0 (there are some caveats to this: 2.0 will drop support for some Python versions, and if you’re using internal APIs then as usual that may break without warning).

It does have two new features:

• New @seed() decorator which allows you to manually seed a test. This may be harmlessly combined with and overrides the derandomize setting.
• settings objects may now be used as a decorator to fix those settings to a particular @given test.

API changes (old usage still works but is deprecated):

• Settings has been renamed to settings (lower casing) in order to make the decorator usage more natural.
• Functions for the storage directory that were in hypothesis.settings are now in a new hypothesis.configuration module.

Additional deprecations:

• the average_list_length setting has been deprecated in favour of being explicit.
• the basic() strategy has been deprecated as it is impossible to support it under a Conjecture based model, which will hopefully be implemented at some point in the 2.x series.
• the n_ary_tree strategy (which was never actually part of the public API) has been deprecated.
• Passing settings or random as keyword arguments to given is deprecated (use the new functionality instead)

Bug fixes:

• No longer emit PendingDeprecationWarning for __iter__ and StopIteration in streaming() values.
• When running in health check mode with non strict, don’t print quite so many errors for an exception in reify.
• When an assumption made in a test or a filter is flaky, tests will now raise Flaky instead of UnsatisfiedAssumption.

1.18.1 - 2015-12-22

Two behind the scenes changes:

• Hypothesis will no longer write generated code to the file system. This will improve performance on some systems (e.g. if you’re using PythonAnywhere which is running your code from NFS) and prevent some annoying interactions with auto-restarting systems.
• Hypothesis will cache the creation of some strategies. This can significantly improve performance for code that uses flatmap or composite and thus has to instantiate strategies a lot.

1.18.0 - 2015-12-21

Features:

• Tests and find are now explicitly seeded off the global random module. This means that if you nest one inside the other you will now get a health check error. It also means that you can control global randomization by seeding random.
• There is a new random_module() strategy which seeds the global random module for you and handles things so that you don’t get a health check warning if you use it inside your tests.
• floats() now accepts two new arguments: allow_nan and allow_infinity. These default to the old behaviour, but when set to False will do what the names suggest.

Bug fixes:

• Fix a bug where tests that used text() on Python 3.4+ would not actually be deterministic even when explicitly seeded or using the derandomize mode, because generation depended on dictionary iteration order which was affected by hash randomization.
• Fix a bug where with complicated strategies the timing of the initial health check could affect the seeding of the subsequent test, which would also render supposedly deterministic tests non-deterministic in some scenarios.
• In some circumstances flatmap() could get confused by two structurally similar things it could generate and would produce a flaky test where the first time it produced an error but the second time it produced the other value, which was not an error. The same bug was presumably also possible in composite().
• flatmap() and composite() initial generation should now be moderately faster. This will be particularly noticeable when you have many values drawn from the same strategy in a single run, e.g. constructs like lists(s.flatmap(f)). Shrinking performance may have suffered, but this didn’t actually produce an interestingly worse result in any of the standard scenarios tested.

1.17.1 - 2015-12-16

A small bug fix release, which fixes the fact that the ‘note’ function could not be used on tests which used the @example decorator to provide explicit examples.

1.17.0 - 2015-12-15

This is actually the same release as 1.16.1, but 1.16.1 has been pulled because it contains the following additional change that was not intended to be in a patch release (it’s perfectly stable, but is a larger change that should have required a minor version bump):

• Hypothesis will now perform a series of “health checks” as part of running your tests. These detect and warn about some common error conditions that people often run into which wouldn’t necessarily have caused the test to fail but would cause e.g. degraded performance or confusing results.

1.16.1 - 2015-12-14

Note: This release has been removed.

A small bugfix release that allows bdists for Hypothesis to be built under 2.7 - the compat3.py file which had Python 3 syntax wasn’t intended to be loaded under Python 2, but when building a bdist it was. In particular this would break running setup.py test.

1.16.0 - 2015-12-08

There are no public API changes in this release but it includes a behaviour change that I wasn’t comfortable putting in a patch release.

• Functions from hypothesis.strategies will no longer raise InvalidArgument on bad arguments. Instead the same errors will be raised when a test using such a strategy is run. This may improve startup time in some cases, but the main reason for it is so that errors in strategies won’t cause errors in loading, and it can interact correctly with things like pytest.mark.skipif.
• Errors caused by accidentally invoking the legacy API are now much less confusing, although still throw NotImplementedError.
• hypothesis.extra.django is 1.9 compatible.
• When tests are run with max_shrinks=0 this will now still rerun the test on failure and will no longer print “Trying example:” before each run. Additionally note() will now work correctly when used with max_shrinks=0.

1.15.0 - 2015-11-24

A release with two new features.

• A ‘characters’ strategy for more flexible generation of text with particular character ranges and types, kindly contributed by Alexander Shorin.
• Add support for preconditions to the rule based stateful testing. Kindly contributed by Christopher Armstrong

1.14.0 - 2015-11-01

New features:

• Add ‘note’ function which lets you include additional information in the final test run’s output.
• Add ‘choices’ strategy which gives you a choice function that emulates random.choice.
• Add ‘uuid’ strategy that generates UUIDs’
• Add ‘shared’ strategy that lets you create a strategy that just generates a single shared value for each test run

Bugs:

• Using strategies of the form streaming(x.flatmap(f)) with find or in stateful testing would have caused InvalidArgument errors when the resulting values were used (because code that expected to only be called within a test context would be invoked).

1.13.0 - 2015-10-29

This is quite a small release, but deprecates some public API functions and removes some internal API functionality so gets a minor version bump.

• All calls to the ‘strategy’ function are now deprecated, even ones which pass just a SearchStrategy instance (which is still a no-op).
• Never documented hypothesis.extra entry_points mechanism has now been removed ( it was previously how hypothesis.extra packages were loaded and has been deprecated and unused for some time)
• Some corner cases that could previously have produced an OverflowError when simplifying failing cases using hypothesis.extra.datetimes (or dates or times) have now been fixed.
• Hypothesis load time for first import has been significantly reduced - it used to be around 250ms (on my SSD laptop) and now is around 100-150ms. This almost never matters but was slightly annoying when using it in the console.
• hypothesis.strategies.randoms was previously missing from __all__.

1.12.0 - 2015-10-18

• Significantly improved performance of creating strategies using the functions from the hypothesis.strategies module by deferring the calculation of their repr until it was needed. This is unlikely to have been an performance issue for you unless you were using flatmap, composite or stateful testing, but for some cases it could be quite a significant impact.
• A number of cases where the repr of strategies build from lambdas is improved
• Add dates() and times() strategies to hypothesis.extra.datetimes
• Add new ‘profiles’ mechanism to the settings system
• Deprecates mutability of Settings, both the Settings.default top level property and individual settings.
• A Settings object may now be directly initialized from a parent Settings.
• @given should now give a better error message if you attempt to use it with a function that uses destructuring arguments (it still won’t work, but it will error more clearly),
• A number of spelling corrections in error messages
• py.test should no longer display the intermediate modules Hypothesis generates when running in verbose mode
• Hypothesis should now correctly handle printing objects with non-ascii reprs on python 3 when running in a locale that cannot handle ascii printing to stdout.
• Add a unique=True argument to lists(). This is equivalent to unique_by=lambda x: x, but offers a more convenient syntax.

1.11.4 - 2015-09-27

• Hide modifications Hypothesis needs to make to sys.path by undoing them after we’ve imported the relevant modules. This is a workaround for issues cryptography experienced on windows.
• Slightly improved performance of drawing from sampled_from on large lists of alternatives.
• Significantly improved performance of drawing from one_of or strategies using | (note this includes a lot of strategies internally - floats() and integers() both fall into this category). There turned out to be a massive performance regression introduced in 1.10.0 affecting these which probably would have made tests using Hypothesis significantly slower than they should have been.

1.11.3 - 2015-09-23

• Better argument validation for datetimes() strategy - previously setting max_year < datetime.MIN_YEAR or min_year > datetime.MAX_YEAR would not have raised an InvalidArgument error and instead would have behaved confusingly.
• Compatibility with being run on pytest < 2.7 (achieved by disabling the plugin).

1.11.2 - 2015-09-23

Bug fixes:

• Settings(database=my_db) would not be correctly inherited when used as a default setting, so that newly created settings would use the database_file setting and create an SQLite example database.
• Settings.default.database = my_db would previously have raised an error and now works.
• Timeout could sometimes be significantly exceeded if during simplification there were a lot of examples tried that didn’t trigger the bug.
• When loading a heavily simplified example using a basic() strategy from the database this could cause Python to trigger a recursion error.
• Remove use of deprecated API in pytest plugin so as to not emit warning

Misc:

• hypothesis-pytest is now part of hypothesis core. This should have no externally visible consequences, but you should update your dependencies to remove hypothesis-pytest and depend on only Hypothesis.
• Better repr for hypothesis.extra.datetimes() strategies.
• Add .close() method to abstract base class for Backend (it was already present in the main implementation).

1.11.1 - 2015-09-16

Bug fixes:

• When running Hypothesis tests in parallel (e.g. using pytest-xdist) there was a race condition caused by code generation.
• Example databases are now cached per thread so as to not use sqlite connections from multiple threads. This should make Hypothesis now entirely thread safe.
• floats() with only min_value or max_value set would have had a very bad distribution.
• Running on 3.5, Hypothesis would have emitted deprecation warnings because of use of inspect.getargspec

1.11.0 - 2015-08-31

• text() with a non-string alphabet would have used the repr() of the the alphabet instead of its contexts. This is obviously silly. It now works with any sequence of things convertible to unicode strings.
• @given will now work on methods whose definitions contains no explicit positional arguments, only varargs (issue #118). This may have some knock on effects because it means that @given no longer changes the argspec of functions other than by adding defaults.
• Introduction of new @composite feature for more natural definition of strategies you’d previously have used flatmap for.

1.10.6 - 2015-08-26

Fix support for fixtures on Django 1.7.

1.10.4 - 2015-08-21

Tiny bug fix release:

• If the database_file setting is set to None, this would have resulted in an error when running tests. Now it does the same as setting database to None.

1.10.3 - 2015-08-19

Another small bug fix release.

• lists(elements, unique_by=some_function, min_size=n) would have raised a ValidationError if n > Settings.default.average_list_length because it would have wanted to use an average list length shorter than the minimum size of the list, which is impossible. Now it instead defaults to twice the minimum size in these circumstances.
• basic() strategy would have only ever produced at most ten distinct values per run of the test (which is bad if you e.g. have it inside a list). This was obviously silly. It will now produce a much better distribution of data, both duplicated and non duplicated.

1.10.2 - 2015-08-19

This is a small bug fix release:

• star imports from hypothesis should now work correctly.
• example quality for examples using flatmap will be better, as the way it had previously been implemented was causing problems where Hypothesis was erroneously labelling some examples as being duplicates.

1.10.0 - 2015-08-04

This is just a bugfix and performance release, but it changes some semi-public APIs, hence the minor version bump.

• Significant performance improvements for strategies which are one_of() many branches. In particular this included recursive() strategies. This should take the case where you use one recursive() strategy as the base strategy of another from unusably slow (tens of seconds per generated example) to reasonably fast.
• Better handling of just() and sampled_from() for values which have an incorrect __repr__ implementation that returns non-ASCII unicode on Python 2.
• Better performance for flatmap from changing the internal morpher API to be significantly less general purpose.
• Introduce a new semi-public BuildContext/cleanup API. This allows strategies to register cleanup activities that should run once the example is complete. Note that this will interact somewhat weirdly with find.
• Better simplification behaviour for streaming strategies.
• Don’t error on lambdas which use destructuring arguments in Python 2.
• Add some better reprs for a few strategies that were missing good ones.
• The Random instances provided by randoms() are now copyable.
• Slightly more debugging information about simplify when using a debug verbosity level.
• Support using given for functions with varargs, but not passing arguments to it as positional.

1.9.0 - 2015-07-27

Codename: The great bundling.

This release contains two fairly major changes.

The first is the deprecation of the hypothesis-extra mechanism. From now on all the packages that were previously bundled under it other than hypothesis-pytest (which is a different beast and will remain separate). The functionality remains unchanged and you can still import them from exactly the same location, they just are no longer separate packages.

The second is that this introduces a new way of building strategies which lets you build up strategies recursively from other strategies.

It also contains the minor change that calling .example() on a strategy object will give you examples that are more representative of the actual data you’ll get. There used to be some logic in there to make the examples artificially simple but this proved to be a bad idea.

1.8.5 - 2015-07-24

This contains no functionality changes but fixes a mistake made with building the previous package that would have broken installation on Windows.

1.8.4 - 2015-07-20

Bugs fixed:

• When a call to floats() had endpoints which were not floats but merely convertible to one (e.g. integers), these would be included in the generated data which would cause it to generate non-floats.
• Splitting lambdas used in the definition of flatmap, map or filter over multiple lines would break the repr, which would in turn break their usage.

1.8.3 - 2015-07-20

“Falsifying example” would not have been printed when the failure came from an explicit example.

1.8.2 - 2015-07-18

Another small bugfix release:

• When using ForkingTestCase you would usually not get the falsifying example printed if the process exited abnormally (e.g. due to os._exit).
• Improvements to the distribution of characters when using text() with a default alphabet. In particular produces a better distribution of ascii and whitespace in the alphabet.

1.8.1 - 2015-07-17

This is a small release that contains a workaround for people who have bad reprs returning non ascii text on Python 2.7. This is not a bug fix for Hypothesis per se because that’s not a thing that is actually supposed to work, but Hypothesis leans more heavily on repr than is typical so it’s worth having a workaround for.

1.8.0 - 2015-07-16

New features:

• Much more sensible reprs for strategies, especially ones that come from hypothesis.strategies. These should now have as reprs python code that would produce the same strategy.
• lists() accepts a unique_by argument which forces the generated lists to be only contain elements unique according to some function key (which must return a hashable value).
• Better error messages from flaky tests to help you debug things.

Mostly invisible implementation details that may result in finding new bugs in your code:

• Sets and dictionary generation should now produce a better range of results.
• floats with bounds now focus more on ‘critical values’, trying to produce values at edge cases.
• flatmap should now have better simplification for complicated cases, as well as generally being (I hope) more reliable.

Bug fixes:

• You could not previously use assume() if you were using the forking executor.

1.7.2 - 2015-07-10

This is purely a bug fix release:

• When using floats() with stale data in the database you could sometimes get values in your tests that did not respect min_value or max_value.
• When getting a Flaky error from an unreliable test it would have incorrectly displayed the example that caused it.
• 2.6 dependency on backports was incorrectly specified. This would only have caused you problems if you were building a universal wheel from Hypothesis, which is not how Hypothesis ships, so unless you’re explicitly building wheels for your dependencies and support Python 2.6 plus a later version of Python this probably would never have affected you.
• If you use flatmap in a way that the strategy on the right hand side depends sensitively on the left hand side you may have occasionally seen Flaky errors caused by producing unreliable examples when minimizing a bug. This use case may still be somewhat fraught to be honest. This code is due a major rearchitecture for 1.8, but in the meantime this release fixes the only source of this error that I’m aware of.

1.7.1 - 2015-06-29

Codename: There is no 1.7.0.

A slight technical hitch with a premature upload means there’s was a yanked 1.7.0 release. Oops.

The major feature of this release is Python 2.6 support. Thanks to Jeff Meadows for doing most of the work there.

Other minor features

• strategies now has a permutations() function which returns a strategy yielding permutations of values from a given collection.
• if you have a flaky test it will print the exception that it last saw before failing with Flaky, even if you do not have verbose reporting on.
• Slightly experimental git merge script available as “python -m hypothesis.tools.mergedbs”. Instructions on how to use it in the docstring of that file.

Bug fixes:

• Better performance from use of filter. In particular tests which involve large numbers of heavily filtered strategies should perform a lot better.
• floats() with a negative min_value would not have worked correctly (worryingly, it would have just silently failed to run any examples). This is now fixed.
• tests using sampled_from would error if the number of sampled elements was smaller than min_satisfying_examples.

1.6.2 - 2015-06-08

This is just a few small bug fixes:

• Size bounds were not validated for values for a binary() strategy when reading examples from the database.
• sampled_from is now in __all__ in hypothesis.strategies
• floats no longer consider negative integers to be simpler than positive non-integers
• Small floating point intervals now correctly count members, so if you have a floating point interval so narrow there are only a handful of values in it, this will no longer cause an error when Hypothesis runs out of values.

1.6.1 - 2015-05-21

This is a small patch release that fixes a bug where 1.6.0 broke the use of flatmap with the deprecated API and assumed the passed in function returned a SearchStrategy instance rather than converting it to a strategy.

1.6.0 - 2015-05-21

This is a smallish release designed to fix a number of bugs and smooth out some weird behaviours.

• Fix a critical bug in flatmap where it would reuse old strategies. If all your flatmap code was pure you’re fine. If it’s not, I’m surprised it’s working at all. In particular if you want to use flatmap with django models, you desperately need to upgrade to this version.
• flatmap simplification performance should now be better in some cases where it previously had to redo work.
• Fix for a bug where invalid unicode data with surrogates could be generated during simplification (it was already filtered out during actual generation).
• The Hypothesis database is now keyed off the name of the test instead of the type of data. This makes much more sense now with the new strategies API and is generally more robust. This means you will lose old examples on upgrade.
• The database will now not delete values which fail to deserialize correctly, just skip them. This is to handle cases where multiple incompatible strategies share the same key.
• find now also saves and loads values from the database, keyed off a hash of the function you’re finding from.
• Stateful tests now serialize and load values from the database. They should have before, really. This was a bug.
• Passing a different verbosity level into a test would not have worked entirely correctly, leaving off some messages. This is now fixed.
• Fix a bug where derandomized tests with unicode characters in the function body would error on Python 2.7.

1.5.0 - 2015-05-14

Codename: Strategic withdrawal.

The purpose of this release is a radical simplification of the API for building strategies. Instead of the old approach of @strategy.extend and things that get converted to strategies, you just build strategies directly.

The old method of defining strategies will still work until Hypothesis 2.0, because it’s a major breaking change, but will now emit deprecation warnings.

The new API is also a lot more powerful as the functions for defining strategies give you a lot of dials to turn. See the updated data section for details.

Other changes:

• Mixing keyword and positional arguments in a call to @given is deprecated as well.
• There is a new setting called ‘strict’. When set to True, Hypothesis will raise warnings instead of merely printing them. Turning it on by default is inadvisable because it means that Hypothesis minor releases can break your code, but it may be useful for making sure you catch all uses of deprecated APIs.
• max_examples in settings is now interpreted as meaning the maximum number of unique (ish) examples satisfying assumptions. A new setting max_iterations which defaults to a larger value has the old interpretation.
• Example generation should be significantly faster due to a new faster parameter selection algorithm. This will mostly show up for simple data types - for complex ones the parameter selection is almost certainly dominated.
• Simplification has some new heuristics that will tend to cut down on cases where it could previously take a very long time.
• timeout would previously not have been respected in cases where there were a lot of duplicate examples. You probably wouldn’t have previously noticed this because max_examples counted duplicates, so this was very hard to hit in a way that mattered.
• A number of internal simplifications to the SearchStrategy API.
• You can now access the current Hypothesis version as hypothesis.__version__.
• A top level function is provided for running the stateful tests without the TestCase infrastructure.

1.4.0 - 2015-05-04

Codename: What a state.

The big feature of this release is the new and slightly experimental stateful testing API. You can read more about that in the appropriate section.

Two minor features the were driven out in the course of developing this:

• You can now set settings.max_shrinks to limit the number of times Hypothesis will try to shrink arguments to your test. If this is set to <= 0 then Hypothesis will not rerun your test and will just raise the failure directly. Note that due to technical limitations if max_shrinks is <= 0 then Hypothesis will print every example it calls your test with rather than just the failing one. Note also that I don’t consider settings max_shrinks to zero a sensible way to run your tests and it should really be considered a debug feature.
• There is a new debug level of verbosity which is even more verbose than verbose. You probably don’t want this.

Breakage of semi-public SearchStrategy API:

• It is now a required invariant of SearchStrategy that if u simplifies to v then it is not the case that strictly_simpler(u, v). i.e. simplifying should not increase the complexity even though it is not required to decrease it. Enforcing this invariant lead to finding some bugs where simplifying of integers, floats and sets was suboptimal.
• Integers in basic data are now required to fit into 64 bits. As a result python integer types are now serialized as strings, and some types have stopped using quite so needlessly large random seeds.

Hypothesis Stateful testing was then turned upon Hypothesis itself, which lead to an amazing number of minor bugs being found in Hypothesis itself.

Bugs fixed (most but not all from the result of stateful testing) include:

• Serialization of streaming examples was flaky in a way that you would probably never notice: If you generate a template, simplify it, serialize it, deserialize it, serialize it again and then deserialize it you would get the original stream instead of the simplified one.
• If you reduced max_examples below the number of examples already saved in the database, you would have got a ValueError. Additionally, if you had more than max_examples in the database all of them would have been considered.
• @given will no longer count duplicate examples (which it never called your function with) towards max_examples. This may result in your tests running slower, but that’s probably just because they’re trying more examples.
• General improvements to example search which should result in better performance and higher quality examples. In particular parameters which have a history of producing useless results will be more aggressively culled. This is useful both because it decreases the chance of useless examples and also because it’s much faster to not check parameters which we were unlikely to ever pick!
• integers_from and lists of types with only one value (e.g. [None]) would previously have had a very high duplication rate so you were probably only getting a handful of examples. They now have a much lower duplication rate, as well as the improvements to search making this less of a problem in the first place.
• You would sometimes see simplification taking significantly longer than your defined timeout. This would happen because timeout was only being checked after each successful simplification, so if Hypothesis was spending a lot of time unsuccessfully simplifying things it wouldn’t stop in time. The timeout is now applied for unsuccessful simplifications too.
• In Python 2.7, integers_from strategies would have failed during simplification with an OverflowError if their starting point was at or near to the maximum size of a 64-bit integer.
• flatmap and map would have failed if called with a function without a __name__ attribute.
• If max_examples was less than min_satisfying_examples this would always error. Now min_satisfying_examples is capped to max_examples. Note that if you have assumptions to satisfy here this will still cause an error.

Some minor quality improvements:

• Lists of streams, flatmapped strategies and basic strategies should now now have slightly better simplification.

1.3.0 - 2015-05-22

New features:

• New verbosity level API for printing intermediate results and exceptions.
• New specifier for strings generated from a specified alphabet.
• Better error messages for tests that are failing because of a lack of enough examples.

Bug fixes:

• Fix error where use of ForkingTestCase would sometimes result in too many open files.
• Fix error where saving a failing example that used flatmap could error.
• Implement simplification for sampled_from, which apparently never supported it previously. Oops.

General improvements:

• Better range of examples when using one_of or sampled_from.
• Fix some pathological performance issues when simplifying lists of complex values.
• Fix some pathological performance issues when simplifying examples that require unicode strings with high codepoints.
• Random will now simplify to more readable examples.

1.2.1 - 2015-04-16

A small patch release for a bug in the new executors feature. Tests which require doing something to their result in order to fail would have instead reported as flaky.

1.2.0 - 2015-04-15

Codename: Finders keepers.

A bunch of new features and improvements.

• Provide a mechanism for customizing how your tests are executed.
• Provide a test runner that forks before running each example. This allows better support for testing native code which might trigger a segfault or a C level assertion failure.
• Support for using Hypothesis to find examples directly rather than as just as a test runner.
• New streaming type which lets you generate infinite lazily loaded streams of data - perfect for if you need a number of examples but don’t know how many.
• Better support for large integer ranges. You can now use integers_in_range with ranges of basically any size. Previously large ranges would have eaten up all your memory and taken forever.
• Integers produce a wider range of data than before - previously they would only rarely produce integers which didn’t fit into a machine word. Now it’s much more common. This percolates to other numeric types which build on integers.
• Better validation of arguments to @given. Some situations that would previously have caused silently wrong behaviour will now raise an error.
• Include +/- sys.float_info.max in the set of floating point edge cases that Hypothesis specifically tries.
• Fix some bugs in floating point ranges which happen when given +/- sys.float_info.max as one of the endpoints… (really any two floats that are sufficiently far apart so that x, y are finite but y - x is infinite). This would have resulted in generating infinite values instead of ones inside the range.

1.1.1 - 2015-04-07

Codename: Nothing to see here

This is just a patch release put out because it fixed some internal bugs that would block the Django integration release but did not actually affect anything anyone could previously have been using. It also contained a minor quality fix for floats that I’d happened to have finished in time.

• Fix some internal bugs with object lifecycle management that were impossible to hit with the previously released versions but broke hypothesis-django.
• Bias floating point numbers somewhat less aggressively towards very small numbers

1.1.0 - 2015-04-06

Codename: No-one mention the M word.

• Unicode strings are more strongly biased towards ascii characters. Previously they would generate all over the space. This is mostly so that people who try to shape their unicode strings with assume() have less of a bad time.
• A number of fixes to data deserialization code that could theoretically have caused mysterious bugs when using an old version of a Hypothesis example database with a newer version. To the best of my knowledge a change that could have triggered this bug has never actually been seen in the wild. Certainly no-one ever reported a bug of this nature.
• Out of the box support for Decimal and Fraction.
• new dictionary specifier for dictionaries with variable keys.
• Significantly faster and higher quality simplification, especially for collections of data.
• New filter() and flatmap() methods on Strategy for better ways of building strategies out of other strategies.
• New BasicStrategy class which allows you to define your own strategies from scratch without needing an existing matching strategy or being exposed to the full horror or non-public nature of the SearchStrategy interface.

1.0.0 - 2015-03-27

Codename: Blast-off!

There are no code changes in this release. This is precisely the 0.9.2 release with some updated documentation.

0.9.2 - 2015-03-26

Codename: T-1 days.

• floats_in_range would not actually have produced floats_in_range unless that range happened to be (0, 1). Fix this.

0.9.1 - 2015-03-25

Codename: T-2 days.

• Fix a bug where if you defined a strategy using map on a lambda then the results would not be saved in the database.
• Significant performance improvements when simplifying examples using lists, strings or bounded integer ranges.

0.9.0 - 2015-03-23

Codename: The final countdown

This release could also be called 1.0-RC1.

It contains a teeny tiny bugfix, but the real point of this release is to declare feature freeze. There will be zero functionality changes between 0.9.0 and 1.0 unless something goes really really wrong. No new features will be added, no breaking API changes will occur, etc. This is the final shakedown before I declare Hypothesis stable and ready to use and throw a party to celebrate.

Bug bounty for any bugs found between now and 1.0: I will buy you a drink (alcoholic, caffeinated, or otherwise) and shake your hand should we ever find ourselves in the same city at the same time.

The one tiny bugfix:

• Under pypy, databases would fail to close correctly when garbage collected, leading to a memory leak and a confusing error message if you were repeatedly creating databases and not closing them. It is very unlikely you were doing this and the chances of you ever having noticed this bug are very low.

0.7.2 - 2015-03-22

Codename: Hygienic macros or bust

• You can now name an argument to @given ‘f’ and it won’t break (issue #38)
• strategy_test_suite is now named strategy_test_suite as the documentation claims and not in fact strategy_test_suitee
• Settings objects can now be used as a context manager to temporarily override the default values inside their context.

0.7.1 - 2015-03-21

Codename: Point releases go faster

• Better string generation by parametrizing by a limited alphabet
• Faster string simplification - previously if simplifying a string with high range unicode characters it would try every unicode character smaller than that. This was pretty pointless. Now it stops after it’s a short range (it can still reach smaller ones through recursive calls because of other simplifying operations).
• Faster list simplification by first trying a binary chop down the middle
• Simultaneous simplification of identical elements in a list. So if a bug only triggers when you have duplicates but you drew e.g. [-17, -17], this will now simplify to [0, 0].

0.7.0, - 2015-03-20

Codename: Starting to look suspiciously real

This is probably the last minor release prior to 1.0. It consists of stability improvements, a few usability things designed to make Hypothesis easier to try out, and filing off some final rough edges from the API.

• Significant speed and memory usage improvements
• Add an example() method to strategy objects to give an example of the sort of data that the strategy generates.
• Remove .descriptor attribute of strategies
• Rename descriptor_test_suite to strategy_test_suite
• Rename the few remaining uses of descriptor to specifier (descriptor already has a defined meaning in Python)

0.6.0 - 2015-03-13

Codename: I’m sorry, were you using that API?

This is primarily a “simplify all the weird bits of the API” release. As a result there are a lot of breaking changes. If you just use @given with core types then you’re probably fine.

In particular:

• Stateful testing has been removed from the API
• The way the database is used has been rendered less useful (sorry). The feature for reassembling values saved from other tests doesn’t currently work. This will probably be brought back in post 1.0.
• SpecificationMapper is no longer a thing. Instead there is an ExtMethod called strategy which you extend to specify how to convert other types to strategies.
• Settings are now extensible so you can add your own for configuring a strategy
• MappedSearchStrategy no longer needs an unpack method
• Basically all the SearchStrategy internals have changed massively. If you implemented SearchStrategy directly rather than using MappedSearchStrategy talk to me about fixing it.
• Change to the way extra packages work. You now specify the package. This must have a load() method. Additionally any modules in the package will be loaded in under hypothesis.extra

Bug fixes:

• Fix for a bug where calling falsify on a lambda with a non-ascii character in its body would error.

Hypothesis Extra:

hypothesis-fakefactory: An extension for using faker data in hypothesis. Depends

on fake-factory.

0.5.0 - 2015-02-10

Codename: Read all about it.

Core hypothesis:

• Add support back in for pypy and python 3.2
• @given functions can now be invoked with some arguments explicitly provided. If all arguments that hypothesis would have provided are passed in then no falsification is run.
• Related to the above, this means that you can now use pytest fixtures and mark.parametrize with Hypothesis without either interfering with the other.
• Breaking change: @given no longer works for functions with varargs (varkwargs are fine). This might be added back in at a later date.
• Windows is now fully supported. A limited version (just the tests with none of the extras) of the test suite is run on windows with each commit so it is now a first class citizen of the Hypothesis world.
• Fix a bug for fuzzy equality of equal complex numbers with different reprs (this can happen when one coordinate is zero). This shouldn’t affect users - that feature isn’t used anywhere public facing.
• Fix generation of floats on windows and 32-bit builds of python. I was using some struct.pack logic that only worked on certain word sizes.
• When a test times out and hasn’t produced enough examples this now raises a Timeout subclass of Unfalsifiable.
• Small search spaces are better supported. Previously something like a @given(bool, bool) would have failed because it couldn’t find enough examples. Hypothesis is now aware of the fact that these are small search spaces and will not error in this case.
• Improvements to parameter search in the case of hard to satisfy assume. Hypothesis will now spend less time exploring parameters that are unlikely to provide anything useful.
• Increase chance of generating “nasty” floats
• Fix a bug that would have caused unicode warnings if you had a sampled_from that was mixing unicode and byte strings.
• Added a standard test suite that you can use to validate a custom strategy you’ve defined is working correctly.

Hypothesis extra:

First off, introducing Hypothesis extra packages!

These are packages that are separated out from core Hypothesis because they have one or more dependencies. Every hypothesis-extra package is pinned to a specific point release of Hypothesis and will have some version requirements on its dependency. They use entry_points so you will usually not need to explicitly import them, just have them installed on the path.

This release introduces two of them:

hypothesis-datetime:

Does what it says on the tin: Generates datetimes for Hypothesis. Just install the package and datetime support will start working.

Depends on pytz for timezone support

hypothesis-pytest:

A very rudimentary pytest plugin. All it does right now is hook the display of falsifying examples into pytest reporting.

Depends on pytest.

0.4.3 - 2015-02-05

Codename: TIL narrow Python builds are a thing

This just fixes the one bug.

• Apparently there is such a thing as a “narrow python build” and OS X ships with these by default for python 2.7. These are builds where you only have two bytes worth of unicode. As a result, generating unicode was completely broken on OS X. Fix this by only generating unicode codepoints in the range supported by the system.

0.4.2 - 2015-02-04

Codename: O(dear)

This is purely a bugfix release:

• Provide sensible external hashing for all core types. This will significantly improve performance of tracking seen examples which happens in literally every falsification run. For Hypothesis fixing this cut 40% off the runtime of the test suite. The behaviour is quadratic in the number of examples so if you’re running the default configuration this will be less extreme (Hypothesis’s test suite runs at a higher number of examples than default), but you should still see a significant improvement.
• Fix a bug in formatting of complex numbers where the string could get incorrectly truncated.

0.4.1 - 2015-02-03

Codename: Cruel and unusual edge cases

This release is mostly about better test case generation.

Enhancements:

• Has a cool release name
• text_type (str in python 3, unicode in python 2) example generation now actually produces interesting unicode instead of boring ascii strings.
• floating point numbers are generated over a much wider range, with particular attention paid to generating nasty numbers - nan, infinity, large and small values, etc.
• examples can be generated using pieces of examples previously saved in the database. This allows interesting behaviour that has previously been discovered to be propagated to other examples.
• improved parameter exploration algorithm which should allow it to more reliably hit interesting edge cases.
• Timeout can now be disabled entirely by setting it to any value <= 0.

Bug fixes:

• The descriptor on a OneOfStrategy could be wrong if you had descriptors which were equal but should not be coalesced. e.g. a strategy for one_of((frozenset({int}), {int})) would have reported its descriptor as {int}. This is unlikely to have caused you any problems
• If you had strategies that could produce NaN (which float previously couldn’t but e.g. a Just(float(‘nan’)) could) then this would have sent hypothesis into an infinite loop that would have only been terminated when it hit the timeout.
• Given elements that can take a long time to minimize, minimization of floats or tuples could be quadratic or worse in the that value. You should now see much better performance for simplification, albeit at some cost in quality.

Other:

• A lot of internals have been been rewritten. This shouldn’t affect you at all, but it opens the way for certain of hypothesis’s oddities to be a lot more extensible by users. Whether this is a good thing may be up for debate…

0.4.0 - 2015-01-21

FLAGSHIP FEATURE: Hypothesis now persists examples for later use. It stores data in a local SQLite database and will reuse it for all tests of the same type.

LICENSING CHANGE: Hypothesis is now released under the Mozilla Public License 2.0. This applies to all versions from 0.4.0 onwards until further notice. The previous license remains applicable to all code prior to 0.4.0.

Enhancements:

• Printing of failing examples. I was finding that the pytest runner was not doing a good job of displaying these, and that Hypothesis itself could do much better.
• Drop dependency on six for cross-version compatibility. It was easy enough to write the shim for the small set of features that we care about and this lets us avoid a moderately complex dependency.
• Some improvements to statistical distribution of selecting from small (<= 3 elements)
• Improvements to parameter selection for finding examples.

Bugs fixed:

• could_have_produced for lists, dicts and other collections would not have examined the elements and thus when using a union of different types of list this could result in Hypothesis getting confused and passing a value to the wrong strategy. This could potentially result in exceptions being thrown from within simplification.
• sampled_from would not work correctly on a single element list.
• Hypothesis could get very confused by values which are equal despite having different types being used in descriptors. Hypothesis now has its own more specific version of equality it uses for descriptors and tracking. It is always more fine grained than Python equality: Things considered != are not considered equal by hypothesis, but some things that are considered == are distinguished. If your test suite uses both frozenset and set tests this bug is probably affecting you.

0.3.2 - 2015-01-16

• Fix a bug where if you specified floats_in_range with integer arguments Hypothesis would error in example simplification.
• Improve the statistical distribution of the floats you get for the floats_in_range strategy. I’m not sure whether this will affect users in practice but it took my tests for various conditions from flaky to rock solid so it at the very least improves discovery of the artificial cases I’m looking for.
• Improved repr() for strategies and RandomWithSeed instances.
• Add detection for flaky test cases where hypothesis managed to find an example which breaks it but on the final invocation of the test it does not raise an error. This will typically happen with too much recursion errors but could conceivably happen in other circumstances too.
• Provide a “derandomized” mode. This allows you to run hypothesis with zero real randomization, making your build nice and deterministic. The tests run with a seed calculated from the function they’re testing so you should still get a good distribution of test cases.
• Add a mechanism for more conveniently defining tests which just sample from some collection.
• Fix for a really subtle bug deep in the internals of the strategy table. In some circumstances if you were to define instance strategies for both a parent class and one or more of its subclasses you would under some circumstances get the strategy for the wrong superclass of an instance. It is very unlikely anyone has ever encountered this in the wild, but it is conceivably possible given that a mix of namedtuple and tuple are used fairly extensively inside hypothesis which do exhibit this pattern of strategy.

0.3.1 - 2015-01-13

• Support for generation of frozenset and Random values
• Correct handling of the case where a called function mutates it argument. This involved introducing a notion of a strategies knowing how to copy their argument. The default method should be entirely acceptable and the worst case is that it will continue to have the old behaviour if you don’t mark your strategy as mutable, so this shouldn’t break anything.
• Fix for a bug where some strategies did not correctly implement could_have_produced. It is very unlikely that any of these would have been seen in the wild, and the consequences if they had been would have been minor.
• Re-export the @given decorator from the main hypothesis namespace. It’s still available at the old location too.
• Minor performance optimisation for simplifying long lists.

0.3.0 - 2015-01-12

• Complete redesign of the data generation system. Extreme breaking change for anyone who was previously writing their own SearchStrategy implementations. These will not work any more and you’ll need to modify them.
• New settings system allowing more global and modular control of Verifier behaviour.
• Decouple SearchStrategy from the StrategyTable. This leads to much more composable code which is a lot easier to understand.
• A significant amount of internal API renaming and moving. This may also break your code.
• Expanded available descriptors, allowing for generating integers or floats in a specific range.
• Significantly more robust. A very large number of small bug fixes, none of which anyone is likely to have ever noticed.
• Deprecation of support for pypy and python 3 prior to 3.3. 3.3 and 3.4. Supported versions are 2.7.x, 3.3.x, 3.4.x. I expect all of these to remain officially supported for a very long time. I would not be surprised to add pypy support back in later but I’m not going to do so until I know someone cares about it. In the meantime it will probably still work.

0.2.2 - 2015-01-08

• Fix an embarrassing complete failure of the installer caused by my being bad at version control

0.2.1 - 2015-01-07

• Fix a bug in the new stateful testing feature where you could make __init__ a @requires method. Simplification would not always work if the prune method was able to successfully shrink the test.

0.2.0 - 2015-01-07

• It’s aliiive.
• Improve python 3 support using six.
• Distinguish between byte and unicode types.
• Fix issues where FloatStrategy could raise.
• Allow stateful testing to request constructor args.
• Fix for issue where test annotations would timeout based on when the module was loaded instead of when the test started

0.1.4 - 2013-12-14

• Make verification runs time bounded with a configurable timeout

0.1.3 - 2013-05-03

• Bugfix: Stateful testing behaved incorrectly with subclassing.
• Complex number support
• support for recursive strategies
• different error for hypotheses with unsatisfiable assumptions

0.1.2 - 2013-03-24

• Bugfix: Stateful testing was not minimizing correctly and could throw exceptions.
• Better support for recursive strategies.
• Support for named tuples.
• Much faster integer generation.

0.1.1 - 2013-03-24

• Python 3.x support via 2to3.
• Use new style classes (oops).

0.1.0 - 2013-03-23

• Introduce stateful testing.
• Massive rewrite of internals to add flags and strategies.

0.0.5 - 2013-03-13

• No changes except trying to fix packaging

0.0.4 - 2013-03-13

• No changes except that I checked in a failing test case for 0.0.3 so had to replace the release. Doh

0.0.3 - 2013-03-13

• Improved a few internals.
• Opened up creating generators from instances as a general API.
• Test integration.

0.0.2 - 2013-03-12

• Starting to tighten up on the internals.
• Change API to allow more flexibility in configuration.
• More testing.

0.0.1 - 2013-03-10

• Initial release.
• Basic working prototype. Demonstrates idea, probably shouldn’t be used.